Blaise C, Gagné F, Férard J F, Eullaffroy P
Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2Y 2E7.
Environ Toxicol. 2008 Oct;23(5):591-8. doi: 10.1002/tox.20402.
Present knowledge concerning the ecotoxic effects of nano-materials is very limited and merits to be documented more fully. For this purpose, we appraised the toxicity of nine metallic nano-powders (copper zinc iron oxide, nickel zinc iron oxide, yttrium iron oxide, titanium dioxide, strontium ferrite, indium tin oxide, samarium oxide, erbium oxide, and holmium oxide) and of two organic nano- powders (fullerene-C60 and single-walled carbon nanotube or SWCNT). After a simple process where nano-powders (NPs) were prepared in aqueous solution and filtered, they were then bioassayed across several taxonomic groups including decomposers (bacteria), primary producers (micro-algae), as well as primary and secondary consumers (micro-invertebrates and fish). Toxicity data generated on the 11 NPs reflected a wide spectrum of sensitivity that was biological level-, test-, and endpoint-specific. With all acute and chronic tests confounded for these 11 NPs, toxicity responses spanned over three orders of magnitude: >463 mg/L (24 h LC50 of the invertebrate Thamnoplatyurus platyurus for fullerene-C60) / 0.3 mg/L (96 h EC50 of the invertebrate Hydra attenuata for indium tin oxide), that is a ratio of 1543. On the basis of the MARA (Microbial Array for Risk Assessment) assay toxic fingerprint concept, it is intimated that NPs may have different modes of toxic action. When mixed in a 1:1 ratio with a certified reference material (CRM) sediment, two solid phase assays and an elutriate assay, respectively, showed that five NPs (copper zinc iron oxide, samarium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, and SWCNT) were able to increase both CRM sediment toxicity and its elutriate toxicity. This initial investigation suggests that chemicals emerging from nanotechnology may pose a risk to aquatic life in water column and sediment compartments and that further studies on their adverse effects are to be encouraged.
目前关于纳米材料生态毒性效应的知识非常有限，值得更全面地记录。为此，我们评估了九种金属纳米粉末（铜锌铁氧化物、镍锌铁氧化物、钇铁氧化物、二氧化钛、锶铁氧体、氧化铟锡、氧化钐、氧化铒和氧化钬）以及两种有机纳米粉末（富勒烯 - C60和单壁碳纳米管或SWCNT）的毒性。经过一个简单的过程，即在水溶液中制备纳米粉末（NPs）并过滤后，然后对包括分解者（细菌）、初级生产者（微藻）以及初级和次级消费者（微无脊椎动物和鱼类）在内的几个分类组进行生物测定。在这11种纳米颗粒上产生的毒性数据反映了广泛的敏感性，这种敏感性是生物水平、测试和终点特异性的。由于这11种纳米颗粒的所有急性和慢性测试都相互混淆，毒性反应跨越了三个数量级：>463 mg/L（富勒烯 - C60对无脊椎动物扁头褶胸虾的24小时半数致死浓度）/ 0.3 mg/L（氧化铟锡对无脊椎动物水螅的96小时半数有效浓度），即比例为1543。根据微生物风险评估阵列（MARA）测定的毒性指纹概念，暗示纳米颗粒可能具有不同的毒性作用模式。当与经认证的参考物质（CRM）沉积物以1:1的比例混合时，两种固相测定和一种淘析液测定分别表明，五种纳米颗粒（铜锌铁氧化物、氧化钐、氧化铒、氧化钬和单壁碳纳米管）能够增加CRM沉积物毒性及其淘析液毒性。这项初步研究表明，纳米技术产生的化学物质可能对水柱和沉积物中的水生生物构成风险，因此鼓励对其不利影响进行进一步研究。
