Mottier Véronique
Jesus College, Cambridge CB5 8BL, UK.
Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2008 Jun;39(2):263-9. doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.03.010. Epub 2008 May 16.
This article explores the connections between eugenics, politics and the state, taking the Swiss case as a particular focus. It is argued that Switzerland provides a historical example of what Bauman [Bauman, Z. (1989). Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press.] describes as 'gardening states': states that are concerned with eliminating the 'bad weeds' from the national garden and thereby constructing sharply exclusionary national identities. The Swiss experiments with eugenics (1920s-1960s) can be seen as an example of an ongoing struggle against 'difference'. Against this backdrop I will examine, first, the ways in which state regulation of reproductive sexuality, and other eugenic measures, became central mechanisms for dealing with cultural and other 'differences' in the Swiss nation. Second, I will analyse the gendered nature of such mechanisms, as well as the preoccupation with racial 'difference' exemplified by eugenic policies towards 'Gypsies'. To conclude, I will examine the impact of political institutions and political ideology, in particular, social democracy, on these eugenic gardening efforts.
本文以瑞士为例，探讨优生学、政治与国家之间的联系。有人认为，瑞士提供了一个历史实例，即鲍曼[鲍曼，Z.（1989年）。《现代性与大屠杀》。剑桥：政体出版社。]所描述的“园艺型国家”：这类国家致力于从国家花园中清除“杂草”，从而构建极具排他性的国家身份认同。瑞士在20世纪20年代至60年代进行的优生学实验可被视为一场针对“差异”的持续斗争的例证。在此背景下，我将首先考察国家对生殖性行为的管控方式以及其他优生学措施，如何成为瑞士处理文化及其他“差异”的核心机制。其次，我将分析这些机制的性别特征，以及优生学针对“吉普赛人”的政策所体现出的对种族“差异”的关注。最后，我将审视政治制度和政治意识形态，尤其是社会民主主义，对这些优生学园艺行动的影响。
