Salomón Oscar D, Quintana María G, Zaidenberg Mario
Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008 May;103(3):282-7. doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762008005000016. Epub 2008 Apr 30.
Urbanization and vector domestication are currently proposed as factors that contributed to the recent increase of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Is likely also urban transmission? Oran is the main city in the Argentinean hyper-endemic area of ACL, and human cases in urban residences are usually reported. In order to assess the spatial distribution of risk, phlebotomine traps were located in different environments of Oran. A total of 7,787 sand flies were captured: Lutzomyia neivai (98.1%), Lutzomyia migonei (1.2%), Lutzomyia cortelezzii (0.7%), and one Lutzomyia shannoni. During the season of transmission (April-May) a single sand fly was obtained in one out of five urban sites, while a trap in a peri-urban pigsty captured up to 2,985 Lu. neivai/night. Captures performed in the other season of vector activity (September-October) revealed that small-scale changes in the pigsty environment resulted in noticeable changes in the abundance of Lu. neivai. In addition, in a new neighbourhood, on the fringe of the city, 1,073 Lu. neivai/site were captured in the forested edge but one in the yard of the houses. Therefore, in this urban ACL focus the human-vector effective contact risk is still associated with peri-urban vegetation and ecotone modifications despite the urban residence of the cases.
目前有人提出，城市化和病媒驯化是导致美国皮肤利什曼病（ACL）近期增多的因素。城市中是否也存在传播情况？奥兰是阿根廷ACL高度流行地区的主要城市，城市居民区常有人类病例报告。为了评估风险的空间分布，在奥兰的不同环境中设置了白蛉诱捕器。共捕获7787只白蛉：内氏白蛉（98.1%）、米氏白蛉（1.2%）、科氏白蛉（0.7%）和1只香农白蛉。在传播季节（4月至5月），五个城市地点中有一个地点仅捕获到1只白蛉，而城郊一个猪圈中的诱捕器每晚最多可捕获2985只内氏白蛉。在病媒活动的另一个季节（9月至10月）进行的捕获显示，猪圈环境的微小变化导致内氏白蛉数量发生显著变化。此外，在城市边缘的一个新社区，森林边缘每个地点捕获到1073只内氏白蛉，而房屋院子里仅捕获到1只。因此，在这个城市ACL疫源地，尽管病例居住在城市，但人与病媒的有效接触风险仍与城郊植被和生态交错带的变化有关。
