Matsuki Akitomo
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi. 2007 Dec;53(4):569-625.
Goroji Nakagawa, a head guard of Itrup Island, was unwillingly brought to Siberia on a Russian vessel in 1807 and he returned to Japan with two Russian vaccination books after five years' stay in Siberia in 1812. He learned how to practice the Jennerian method in Yakutsk and Okhotsk just before his return to Japan in that year. One of the two Russian books was translated into Japanese by Sadayosi Baba, a translator of the Tokugawa shogunate, and was titled "Tonka Hiketsu", but it remained unpublished. Sen-an Tosimitsu, a physician of Mikawa, obtained a manuscript of "Tonka Hiketsu" and published it with the modified title "Rosia Gyuto Zensho" in 1850. As Nakagawa did not write down anything about his method of vaccination, the details of the method have not been known to us and this has resulted in an underestimated evaluation of him in the history of Jennerian vaccination in Japan because his method was introduced and transmitted only to the limited area of the northern part of Japan with no significant influence on the spread of the Jennerian method in Japan. The author reevaluated his vaccination method by careful examination of the documents describing Nakagawa's method to find that he had essentially followed the method described in the Russian book; however, how he made vaccine lymph or crust is still unknown to us. As there is no hearsay evidence of deaths by his method, it is suggested that he might have employed cowpox vaccine, not small pox lymph or crust. Nakagawa's method was conveyed to Teisai Hino, a leading physician in Kyoto, via Yuzo Shiratori, one of the disciples of Nakagawa, and after repeated failures with the Dutch method Hino was successful in the final trial of vaccination using cowpox crust, supposedly with the Russian method, in September of 1849. Hino's vaccine lymph was widely distributed among various districts of western Japan to promote further prevalence of the vaccination. Considering these facts, Nakagawa's method had a significant influence on the subsequent wide prevalence of Jennerian vaccination in Japan.
伊图鲁普岛的头目中川五郎次在1807年被不情愿地用一艘俄罗斯船只带到西伯利亚，1812年在西伯利亚停留五年后，他带着两本俄罗斯疫苗接种书籍回到日本。同年，就在他返回日本之前，他在雅库茨克和鄂霍次克学会了如何实施詹纳法。德川幕府的翻译家马场定能将这两本俄罗斯书籍中的一本翻译成日语，名为《痘科秘决》，但未出版。三河的医生远藤利光获得了《痘科秘决》的手稿，并于1850年以修改后的书名《露西亚痘术全书》出版。由于中川没有写下任何关于他的疫苗接种方法的内容，我们对该方法的细节并不了解，这导致他在日本詹纳疫苗接种史上的评价被低估，因为他的方法仅在日本北部的有限地区被引入和传播，对詹纳法在日本的传播没有显著影响。作者通过仔细研究描述中川方法的文献，重新评估了他的疫苗接种方法，发现他基本上遵循了俄罗斯书籍中描述的方法；然而，他如何制作疫苗淋巴或痂皮我们仍然不清楚。由于没有他的方法导致死亡的传闻证据，有人认为他可能使用的是牛痘疫苗，而不是天花淋巴或痂皮。中川的方法通过中川的弟子之一白鸟有三传达给了京都的著名医生日野贞斋，在多次尝试荷兰方法失败后，日野贞斋于1849年9月使用牛痘痂皮进行了最后一次疫苗接种试验，并假定采用俄罗斯方法，最终成功。日野的疫苗淋巴在日本西部的各个地区广泛分发，以促进疫苗接种的进一步普及。考虑到这些事实，中川的方法对詹纳疫苗接种在日本随后的广泛普及产生了重大影响。
