Shapira Niva, Weill Pierre, Loewenbach Rachel
Steyer School of Health Professions, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 Apr;10(4):262-5.
As high dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio may contribute to many western ailments, increasing n-3 PUFA in foods could be beneficial. The nutritional significance of n-3 PUFA-fortified egg vs. enzymatically competitive high n-6 PUFA diets is debatable.
To evaluate the dietary contribution of 'field fortification' of eggs by adding n-3 PUFA to high n-6 PUFA hen feed and to assess whether it meets consumer preferences.
Laying hens (n=3500) were fed n-3 PUFA-fortified (5% extruded linseed) feed or standard (control) feed for 5 weeks. Nutritional significance was evaluated for western (American, Israeli) populations.
Compared to regular (control) eggs, fortified eggs yielded a 3.8-fold increase in total n-3 PUFA, 6.4-fold alpha-linolenic acid (18:3), and 2.4-fold docohexaenoic acid 22:6). N-6:n-3 PUFA ratio decreased 3.6-fold, and n-6:n-3 long chain PUFA ratio (AA:DHA) 3.0-fold (P< 0.0003). Sensory evaluations were not significantly different. Egg cost increased by 1.5-3.0%. Fortified egg n-3 PUFA content averaged 14.3% of the current intake of Americans and 15.9% of Israelis - 9.8 and 10.6% of upper Dietary Reference Intakes, respectively. Egg DHA content averaged 33.7 and 41.4% of upper DRI. Current cholesterol intakes average 281 and 263 mg/day (median 214 and 184 mg/day) including 0.7 and 0.5 egg/day; reported hypercholesterolemia rates are 17.7 and 16.5%, respectively.
Effective concentration and transformation of supplemental n-3 PUFA/LCPUFA from feed to egg substantially enhanced egg n-3 PUFA %DRI, particularly of DHA, critical for health but often deficient. Such land-based n-3 PUFA/LCPUFA fortification may be applicable to high n-6 PUFA diets, fitting within cholesterol limitations and market criteria. It may contribute to general health and specific requirements (i.e., pregnancy and lactation), with possibilities of wide accessibility and standardization.
由于高膳食n-6多不饱和脂肪酸以及n-6:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例可能会导致许多西方疾病，增加食物中的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸可能有益。n-3多不饱和脂肪酸强化鸡蛋与酶竞争性高n-6多不饱和脂肪酸饮食的营养意义存在争议。
评估通过向高n-6多不饱和脂肪酸母鸡饲料中添加n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对鸡蛋进行“田间强化”的膳食贡献，并评估其是否符合消费者偏好。
3500只产蛋母鸡分别喂食n-3多不饱和脂肪酸强化（5%挤压亚麻籽）饲料或标准（对照）饲料5周。对西方（美国、以色列）人群评估营养意义。
与普通（对照）鸡蛋相比，强化鸡蛋的总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸增加3.8倍，α-亚麻酸（18:3）增加6.4倍，二十二碳六烯酸（22:6）增加2.4倍。n-6:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例降低3.6倍，n-6:n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸比例（花生四烯酸:二十二碳六烯酸）降低3.0倍（P<0.0003）。感官评价无显著差异。鸡蛋成本增加1.5 - 3.0%。强化鸡蛋的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量平均占美国人当前摄入量的14.3%，占以色列人的15.9%——分别为膳食参考摄入量上限的9.8%和10.6%。鸡蛋的二十二碳六烯酸含量平均占膳食参考摄入量上限的33.7%和41.4%。目前胆固醇摄入量平均为281和263毫克/天（中位数为214和184毫克/天），包括每天0.7和0.5个鸡蛋；报告的高胆固醇血症发生率分别为17.7%和16.5%。
从饲料到鸡蛋，补充的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸/长链多不饱和脂肪酸的有效浓度和转化率显著提高了鸡蛋中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸占膳食参考摄入量的百分比，尤其是对健康至关重要但往往缺乏的二十二碳六烯酸。这种陆地来源的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸/长链多不饱和脂肪酸强化可能适用于高n-6多不饱和脂肪酸饮食，符合胆固醇限制和市场标准。它可能有助于总体健康和特定需求（即怀孕和哺乳期），具有广泛可及性和标准化的可能性。
