Johansson R, Magnusson M
Department of Automatic Control, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden.
Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1991;18(6):413-37.
The study of posture dynamics is important not only to understand disorders of impaired equilibrium and protective reactions to unexpected displacements of the human body, but also to the design of prosthesis and functional neuromuscular stimulation as aids to patients with impaired postural stability and locomotion. Coordinated control of the body segments is a complex aspect of motor behavior, owing to the multiple degrees of freedom of the controlled system. Several interacting subsystems are involved in the dynamics of human posture and locomotion, including the skeletal, neuromuscular, and sensory systems. Human posture control is maintained by somatosensory, vestibular, and visual feedback, integrated within the locomotor and central nervous systems. Studies of posture dynamics and stability therefore entail the study of mechanical aspects of the human body, its sensory systems, and the principles governing coordination in motion control. In this paper is reviewed some of the research done in the field of human posture dynamics, including such topics as biomechanics, equilibrium, stability, motion coordination, neural feedback, neural control systems modeling, motion strategies, optimality of motion, and adaptation. We consider experimental approaches and theoretical models, as well as the gap between them. Principles for the experimental investigation of control systems are considered.
姿势动力学的研究不仅对于理解平衡受损的紊乱情况以及人体对意外位移的保护性反应很重要，而且对于假肢设计和功能性神经肌肉刺激（作为姿势稳定性和运动能力受损患者的辅助手段）也很重要。由于受控系统具有多个自由度，身体各部分的协调控制是运动行为的一个复杂方面。人体姿势和运动的动力学涉及几个相互作用的子系统，包括骨骼、神经肌肉和感觉系统。人体姿势控制通过体感、前庭和视觉反馈来维持，这些反馈整合在运动和中枢神经系统中。因此，姿势动力学和稳定性的研究需要研究人体的力学方面、其感觉系统以及运动控制中协调的原理。本文回顾了在人体姿势动力学领域所做的一些研究，包括生物力学、平衡、稳定性、运动协调、神经反馈、神经控制系统建模、运动策略、运动最优性和适应性等主题。我们考虑了实验方法和理论模型，以及它们之间的差距。还考虑了控制系统实验研究的原则。
