Buck G H
University of Alberta, Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation, Faculty of Education, Edmonton, Canada.
Gesnerus. 1991;48 Pt 1:7-28.
The historical development of simulators is presented in respect to their application in medical training. Simulators allow, to some extent, practical training without any inconvenience for patients. The earliest simulators in the history of medicine were the obstetrical manikins introduced towards 1700 by father and son Grégoire of Paris and primarily intended for the instruction of lay people, i.e. midwives. Their further development is followed up to contemporary models of highly specialized use. Since 1960 simulators are more and more used for the training of doctors, nurses and laymen in resuscitation techniques. In combination with computers, high-fidelity simulators were created which, e.g., react to anaesthetics like real human beings. Conclusions about future developments and uses of simulators in medical education, in view of their history, are provided.
本文介绍了模拟器在医学培训中的应用及其历史发展。模拟器在一定程度上允许进行实践培训，而不会给患者带来任何不便。医学史上最早的模拟器是巴黎的格雷瓜尔父子在1700年左右推出的产科人体模型，主要用于培训外行人，即助产士。本文追踪了其后续发展，直至高度专业化的当代模型。自1960年以来，模拟器越来越多地用于培训医生、护士和外行人的复苏技术。结合计算机，创造出了高保真模拟器，例如，它们能像真实人类一样对麻醉剂做出反应。鉴于模拟器的历史，本文给出了关于其在医学教育中未来发展和用途的结论。
