Bovine in vitro oocyte maturation as a model for manipulation of the gamma-glutamyl cycle and intraoocyte glutathione.

Glutathione (GSH) is the main non-enzymatic defence against oxidative stress and is a critical intracellular component required for oocyte maturation. In the present study, several modulators of intracellular GSH were assessed for their effect on the in vitro maturation (IVM) and intracellular GSH content of bovine metaphase (MII) oocytes. Of the five GSH modulators tested, only the cell-permeable GSH donor glutathione ethyl ester (GSH-OEt) significantly increased the GSH content of IVM MII oocytes in a concentration-dependent manner without adversely affecting oocyte maturation rate. The GSH level in IVM MII oocytes was greatly influenced by the presence or absence of cumulus cells and severely restricted when oocytes were cultured in the presence of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. The addition of GSH-OEt to cumulus-denuded or BSO-treated oocytes increased the GSH content of bovine MII oocytes. Supplementation of the maturation medium with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fetal calf serum (FCS) affected the GSH content of IVM MII oocytes, with greater levels attained under BSA culture conditions. The addition of GSH-OEt to the maturation medium increased the GSH content of IVM MII oocytes, irrespective of protein source. Spindle morphology, as assessed by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, displayed distinct alterations in response to changes in oocyte GSH levels. GSH depletion caused by BSO treatment tended to widen spindle poles and significantly increased spindle area. Supplementation of the IVM medium with GSH-OEt increased spindle length, but did not significantly alter spindle area or spindle morphology. GSH-OEt represents a novel oocyte-permeable and cumulus cell-independent approach for effective elevation of mammalian oocyte GSH levels.