McNeill A D
Health Education Authority, London, UK.
Br J Addict. 1991 May;86(5):589-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01813.x.
The development of dependence on smoking has been largely unexplored and has theoretical importance and implications for interventions aimed at interrupting the early stages of smoking behaviour. Data are presented which indicate the importance of the first few cigarettes. The development of a regular smoking pattern had previously been reported to take about 2 years and involve a progression through a series of stages from smoking for psychosocial motives, to smoking for a positive nicotine effect and finally for some smokers, smoking to avoid withdrawal. Results from a small scale study with girls are described which give no support to the notion of any such well-defined stages in the novice smoker's career. Inhalation was apparent from early on indicating that nicotine can play an active role in reinforcing smoking from a very early stage. Furthermore, the majority of the young smokers perceived themselves to be dependent on their cigarettes. The nature of any positive reinforcement was unclear, the dependence-producing potential of smoking appearing to be largely due to relief of unpleasant feelings. These findings need to be replicated and the paper highlights other key areas in this field for future research.
对吸烟产生依赖的情况在很大程度上尚未得到充分研究，它具有理论重要性，对于旨在中断吸烟行为早期阶段的干预措施也具有启示意义。本文呈现的数据表明了最初几支香烟的重要性。此前有报道称，形成规律的吸烟模式大约需要两年时间，且要经历一系列阶段，从出于心理社会动机吸烟，到为获得积极的尼古丁效应吸烟，最后对一些吸烟者来说，是为避免戒断反应而吸烟。文中描述了一项针对女孩的小规模研究结果，该结果并不支持新手吸烟者生涯中存在任何如此明确阶段的观点。从早期开始就明显存在吸入行为，这表明尼古丁从很早就可能在强化吸烟行为方面发挥积极作用。此外，大多数年轻吸烟者认为自己对香烟有依赖。任何积极强化的性质尚不清楚，吸烟产生依赖的潜在因素似乎很大程度上是由于不愉快感觉的缓解。这些发现需要重复验证，本文还强调了该领域未来研究的其他关键领域。
