Kaufman Jonathan J, Luo Gangming, Siffert Robert S
Department of Orthopedics, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2008;55(6):1205-18. doi: 10.1109/TUFFC.2008.784.
The manner in which ultrasound interacts with bone is of key interest in therapy and diagnosis alike. These may include applications directly to bone, as, for example, in treatment to accelerate the healing of bone fractures and in assessment of bone density in osteoporosis, or indirectly in diagnostic imaging of soft tissue with interest in assessing exposure levels to nearby bone. Because of the lack of analytic solutions to virtually every "practical problem" encountered clinically, ultrasound simulation has become a widely used technique for evaluating ultrasound interactions in bone. This paper provides an overview of the use of ultrasound simulation in bone. A brief description of the mathematical model used to characterize ultrasound propagation in bone is first provided. A number of simulation examples are then presented that explain how simulation may be utilized in a variety of practical configurations. The focus of this paper in terms of examples presented is on diagnostic applications in bone, and, in particular, for assessment of osteoporosis. However, the use of simulation in other areas of interest can easily be extrapolated from the examples presented. In conclusion, this paper describes the use of ultrasound simulation in bone and demonstrates the power of computational methods for ultrasound research in general and tissue and bone applications in particular.
超声与骨骼相互作用的方式在治疗和诊断方面都备受关注。这些应用可能包括直接作用于骨骼，例如在加速骨折愈合的治疗以及骨质疏松症骨密度评估中，或者间接用于软组织的诊断成像，以评估附近骨骼的暴露水平。由于临床上几乎每个“实际问题”都缺乏解析解，超声模拟已成为评估超声与骨骼相互作用的广泛使用的技术。本文概述了超声模拟在骨骼中的应用。首先简要描述用于表征超声在骨骼中传播的数学模型。然后给出一些模拟示例，解释如何在各种实际配置中利用模拟。就所举示例而言，本文的重点是骨骼的诊断应用，特别是骨质疏松症的评估。然而，从所举示例中可以很容易地推断出模拟在其他感兴趣领域的应用。总之，本文描述了超声模拟在骨骼中的应用，并展示了计算方法在超声研究总体上以及组织和骨骼应用中特别是在骨骼应用中的强大作用。
