Imran Mohammad, Khan Hamayun, Hassan Syed Shah, Khan Rasool
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2008 Jul;9(7):546-51. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B0820052.
We report physicochemical characteristics of various kinds of liquid milk commercially available in Pakistan in comparison with those of fresh natural milk from animals. Milk samples were collected from local markets at Peshawar, Pakistan, and analyzed for their physical features, including moisture, total solids, specific gravity, conductivity, viscosity and titratable acidity (lactic acid equivalent), and chemical components and macro-minerals, including total protein, casein, lactose, ash and minerals (Na, K and Mg). These items were compared with the physicochemical characteristics of the fresh natural milk samples from buffalo, cow and goat. The results were also compared with reported nutritional quality of milk from various countries and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. We found that all the physical features and chemical components of commercially available milk in Pakistan markets meet WHO's requirements, except for Na, K, Ca and Mg, which are below the standards.
我们报告了巴基斯坦市场上各类市售液态奶的物理化学特性，并与动物新鲜天然奶的特性进行了比较。牛奶样本采自巴基斯坦白沙瓦的当地市场，分析了其物理特性，包括水分、总固体、比重、电导率、粘度和可滴定酸度（乳酸当量），以及化学成分和常量矿物质，包括总蛋白、酪蛋白、乳糖、灰分和矿物质（钠、钾和镁）。将这些指标与水牛、奶牛和山羊新鲜天然奶样的物理化学特性进行了比较。结果还与各国报告的牛奶营养质量以及世界卫生组织（WHO）标准进行了对比。我们发现，巴基斯坦市场上的市售牛奶，除了钠、钾、钙和镁低于标准外，其所有物理特性和化学成分均符合WHO的要求。
