Blondel B, Autret A, Brisac C, Pelletier I, Martin-Latil S, Jegouic S, Bessaud M, Joffret M L, Balanant J, Colbère-Garapin F, Delpeyroux F
Unité Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur Paris, France.
Med Trop (Mars). 2008 Apr;68(2):189-202.
Poliovirus, the aetiological agent of poliomyelitis, is an enterovirus of the Picronaviridae family. Despite the success of the World Health Organisation (WHO) worldwide vaccination campaign against poliomyelitis, poliovirus remains a public health problem in several developing countries, in Africa and Asia in particular. This is partly due to the considerable capacity of poliovirus strains to circulate and spread in populations with insufficient vaccine coverage. In addition, the attenuated strains of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) may rapidly evolve a neurovirulent phenotype, causing rare cases of paralytic poliomyelitis. The recent occurrence of epidemics associated with vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) has highlighted the emergence of recombinant strains with genomes constituted of sequences from OPV strains together with sequences from non-polio enteroviruses. In this review, after briefly describing the molecular biology of poliovirus and the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis, we will provide an overview of the current situation concerning poliomyelitis prophylaxis and the strategies developed to fight this disease. We will also deal with the issue of the possible re-emergence of poliovirus after declaration of the eradication of wildtype poliovirus.
脊髓灰质炎病毒是脊髓灰质炎的病原体，属于微小核糖核酸病毒科肠道病毒属。尽管世界卫生组织（WHO）在全球开展的脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种运动取得了成功，但脊髓灰质炎病毒在一些发展中国家，尤其是非洲和亚洲，仍然是一个公共卫生问题。部分原因是脊髓灰质炎病毒株在疫苗接种覆盖率不足的人群中有相当强的传播和扩散能力。此外，口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）的减毒株可能会迅速演变成神经毒力表型，导致罕见的麻痹性脊髓灰质炎病例。最近与疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒（VDPV）相关的疫情凸显了重组毒株的出现，其基因组由OPV毒株的序列以及非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒的序列组成。在这篇综述中，在简要描述脊髓灰质炎病毒的分子生物学和脊髓灰质炎的发病机制后，我们将概述脊髓灰质炎预防的现状以及为抗击这种疾病而制定的策略。我们还将探讨在宣布根除野生型脊髓灰质炎病毒后脊髓灰质炎病毒可能再次出现的问题。
