Ervin R Bethene
Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA.
Adv Data. 2008 May 20(395):1-16.
This report presents Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores for adults, 60 years of age and over, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2002, and examines the association between the HEI scores and sex, age, race and ethnicity, education, smoking status, tooth retention, self-reported health, and body mass index (BMI).
The percentage of older adults meeting the recommendations for the HEI components and dietary quality based on the overall score were estimated. Means and standard errors were calculated for selected sociodemographic and health characteristics for the total population and stratified by sex. A two-tailed t-test or analysis of variance was used to test the effects of the sociodemographic and health characteristics on the HEI scores. When a characteristic consisted of three levels, the Bonferroni method of adjustment was used to assess significant differences in the mean scores.
Seventy-two percent of older adults met the guidelines for cholesterol intake and 56% met the recommendation for diet variety, but less than one-third met the recommendations for HEI's five food groups. Only 17% of older adults consumed a "good" quality diet. Males had higher scores for some components, but females had higher scores for others. Age significantly influenced several HEI components, but not in a consistent fashion. Non-Hispanic white persons usually had the highest scores and non-Hispanic black persons had the lowest scores. Adults with more years of education usually had higher scores but smokers usually had lower scores. Edentulous persons and those who rated their health as fair or poor generally ate fewer servings of fruits and vegetables, ate a less varied diet, and had a poorer quality diet than persons with teeth or who rated their health higher. Females with a BMI of 30 or higher ate fewer servings of dairy products, consumed a higher percentage of calories from total and saturated fat, and had a lower quality diet than those whose BMI was less than 30.
This research demonstrates that many older adults' diets need improvement, and that many sociodemographic and health characteristics were associated with their intake of food and nutrient groups and overall dietary quality.
本报告呈现了1999 - 2002年美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）中60岁及以上成年人的健康饮食指数（HEI）得分，并研究了HEI得分与性别、年龄、种族和民族、教育程度、吸烟状况、牙齿保留情况、自我报告的健康状况以及体重指数（BMI）之间的关联。
根据总体得分，估算了符合HEI各组成部分建议及饮食质量的老年人百分比。计算了总人口以及按性别分层的选定社会人口统计学和健康特征的均值和标准误差。采用双尾t检验或方差分析来检验社会人口统计学和健康特征对HEI得分的影响。当一个特征包含三个水平时，使用Bonferroni调整方法来评估平均得分的显著差异。
72%的老年人符合胆固醇摄入量指南，56%符合饮食多样性建议，但不到三分之一的人符合HEI五个食物组的建议。只有17%的老年人饮食质量“良好”。男性在某些组成部分得分较高，但女性在其他部分得分较高。年龄对几个HEI组成部分有显著影响，但方式并不一致。非西班牙裔白人通常得分最高，非西班牙裔黑人得分最低。受教育年限较长的成年人通常得分较高，但吸烟者通常得分较低。无牙者以及自我评估健康状况为一般或较差的人，与有牙者或健康状况评估较高的人相比，通常食用的水果和蔬菜份数更少，饮食种类更少，饮食质量更差。BMI为30或更高的女性食用的乳制品份数更少，总脂肪和饱和脂肪提供的卡路里百分比更高，饮食质量比BMI低于30的女性更低。
本研究表明，许多老年人的饮食需要改善，并且许多社会人口统计学和健康特征与他们对食物和营养组的摄入量以及总体饮食质量相关。
