Invasive mycoses following trauma.

Invasive fungal infection may afflict people with trauma in two ways: either by entry into tissue via penetrating trauma or by haematogenous spread in critically ill people with polytrauma. Penetrating injury allows the advance of ubiquitously present fungi into the human body. Miniscule foreign material fosters the establishment and growth of fungi within the traumatically changed tissue. The seriousness of the infection depends upon the type of injury, the body area and the person's general condition. Usually, the infection is confined to the cutis and subcutis; the fascia, muscles and bones are rarely affected. In the presence of immunocompromise, however, the fungus may spread rapidly and cause systemic disease. The following overview will focus on fungal infection associated with open wounds and fractures, particularly eye injury and with near-drowning, tropical mycetoma and nosocomial conditions. Post-traumatic invasive fungal infections are rare, but the surgeon should be alert to this possibility in cases with chronic inflammation and deferred healing of injuries, with or without systemic inflammatory response.