Waters Michael, Jackson Marcus
ILS, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Nov 15;233(1):34-44. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.036. Epub 2008 Jul 2.
The Workshop on The Power of Aggregated Toxicity Data addressed the requirement for distributed databases to support quantitative hazard and risk assessment. The authors have conceived and constructed with federal support several databases that have been used in hazard identification and risk assessment. The first of these databases, the EPA Gene-Tox Database was developed for the EPA Office of Toxic Substances by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and is currently hosted by the National Library of Medicine. This public resource is based on the collaborative evaluation, by government, academia, and industry, of short-term tests for the detection of mutagens and presumptive carcinogens. The two-phased evaluation process resulted in more than 50 peer-reviewed publications on test system performance and a qualitative database on thousands of chemicals. Subsequently, the graphic and quantitative EPA/IARC Genetic Activity Profile (GAP) Database was developed in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A chemical database driven by consideration of the lowest effective dose, GAP has served IARC for many years in support of hazard classification of potential human carcinogens. The Toxicological Activity Profile (TAP) prototype database was patterned after GAP and utilized acute, subchronic, and chronic data from the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. TAP demonstrated the flexibility of the GAP format for air toxics, water pollutants and other environmental agents. The GAP format was also applied to developmental toxicants and was modified to represent quantitative results from the rodent carcinogen bioassay. More recently, the authors have constructed: 1) the NIEHS Genetic Alterations in Cancer (GAC) Database which quantifies specific mutations found in cancers induced by environmental agents, and 2) the NIEHS Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS) Knowledgebase that integrates genomic and other biological data including dose-response studies in toxicology and pathology. Each of the public databases has been discussed in prior publications. They will be briefly described in the present report from the perspective of aggregating datasets to augment the data and information contained within them.
“综合毒性数据的作用”研讨会探讨了分布式数据库支持定量危害和风险评估的要求。作者在联邦政府的支持下构思并构建了几个用于危害识别和风险评估的数据库。这些数据库中的第一个，即美国环境保护局（EPA）基因毒性数据库，是由橡树岭国家实验室为EPA有毒物质办公室开发的，目前由国立医学图书馆托管。这个公共资源基于政府、学术界和工业界对检测诱变剂和推定致癌物的短期测试的协作评估。两阶段的评估过程产生了50多篇关于测试系统性能的同行评审出版物以及一个关于数千种化学品的定性数据库。随后，图形化和定量的EPA/IARC遗传活性概况（GAP）数据库与国际癌症研究机构（IARC）合作开发。GAP是一个由最低有效剂量驱动的化学数据库，多年来一直为IARC服务，以支持对潜在人类致癌物的危害分类。毒理学活性概况（TAP）原型数据库以GAP为蓝本，利用了空气质量规划和标准办公室的急性、亚慢性和慢性数据。TAP展示了GAP格式在空气毒物、水污染物和其他环境介质方面的灵活性。GAP格式也应用于发育毒物，并进行了修改以呈现啮齿动物致癌物生物测定的定量结果。最近，作者构建了：1）美国国立环境卫生科学研究所（NIEHS）癌症中的基因改变（GAC）数据库，该数据库对环境因子诱发的癌症中发现的特定突变进行量化；2）NIEHS生物系统中的化学效应（CEBS）知识库，该知识库整合了基因组和其他生物数据，包括毒理学和病理学中的剂量反应研究。每个公共数据库都在之前的出版物中进行过讨论。在本报告中，将从汇总数据集以增加其中包含的数据和信息的角度对它们进行简要描述。
