Breure Anton M, Groot Mirjam, Eijsackers Herman J P
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, NL 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Dec 1;406(3):530-6. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.052. Epub 2008 Aug 6.
This paper presents an overview of the possibilities for further development of tools and. approaches for the ecological assessment and management of diffusively contaminated ecosystems. It is based on the results of the "Netherlands Stimulation Programme on Ecosystem-oriented Ecotoxicological Research", the SSEO programme, which ran from 1998 to 2006, and on opinions of international experts on ecological and ecotoxicological risk-assessment methods and their legal applications. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of the set-up of the SSEO programme. Proper management of diffusively polluted areas has to be based on an integral risk-based and system approach. The approach has to be founded on the relationships between pollution, natural stresses, management measures and the presence and activities of specific species. Furthermore, the relationships between biodiversity in ecosystems and its stability and functioning have to be known. The assessment of aquatic ecosystem quality is now based on the comparisons of the composition of actual species with that of reference species. This type of system does not yet exist for the assessment of soil quality, but it is being developed. It is shown that ecological quality criteria based on a Species Sensitivity Distributions approach are sufficiently conservative to avoid or prevent major ecological impacts of diffuse pollution at concentrations below legal standards. However, a proper quality relationship of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is lacking in the ecological assessment methods. Future research should focus on the relationship of ecosystem structure (species composition) and ecosystem functioning and on the impact of disturbing the environment and appropriate management measures.
本文概述了进一步开发用于扩散污染生态系统生态评估和管理的工具及方法的可能性。它基于1998年至2006年开展的“荷兰生态系统导向生态毒理学研究促进计划”（SSEO计划）的结果，以及国际专家对生态和生态毒理学风险评估方法及其法律应用的意见。本文还讨论了SSEO计划设置的利弊。对扩散污染区域的妥善管理必须基于基于风险的整体系统方法。该方法必须建立在污染、自然压力、管理措施以及特定物种的存在和活动之间的关系之上。此外，必须了解生态系统中生物多样性与其稳定性和功能之间的关系。目前，水生生态系统质量评估是基于将实际物种组成与参考物种组成进行比较。土壤质量评估尚未有此类系统，但正在开发中。结果表明，基于物种敏感度分布方法的生态质量标准足够保守，能够避免或防止扩散污染在低于法定标准的浓度下产生重大生态影响。然而，生态评估方法中缺乏生物多样性与生态系统功能之间恰当的质量关系。未来的研究应聚焦于生态系统结构（物种组成）与生态系统功能之间的关系，以及环境干扰和适当管理措施所产生的影响。
