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美国犹他州大盐湖空气、水和生物群中的汞。

Mercury in the air, water and biota at the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA).

作者信息

Peterson Christianna, Gustin Mae

机构信息

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA.

出版信息

Sci Total Environ. 2008 Nov 1;405(1-3):255-68. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.046. Epub 2008 Aug 15.

Abstract

The Great Salt Lake, Utah (USA), is the fourth largest terminal lake on Earth and a stop-over location for 35 million birds on the Pacific Flyway. Recently, the Utah Department of Health and Utah Division of Wildlife Resources issued tissue mercury (Hg) consumption advisories for several species of birds that consume the lake's brine shrimp. We hypothesized that the chemistry of the atmosphere above the Great Salt Lake would facilitate atmospheric deposition of Hg to the water. Because little information was available on Hg at the Great Salt Lake, and to begin to test this hypothesis, we measured atmospheric elemental (Hg(0)) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) concentrations as well as Hg concentrations in water and brine shrimp five times over a ~year. Surrogate surfaces and a dry deposition model were applied to estimate the amount of Hg that could be input to the lake surface, and HYSPLIT model back trajectories were developed to investigate potential sources of RGM to the lake. Atmospheric Hg(0) concentrations were similar to global ambient background values and RGM concentrations were similar to those reported for rural areas. Both Hg(0) and RGM exhibited regular diel variability. Model estimated deposition velocities for RGM to the lake ranged from 0.9 to 3.0 cm s(-1) while that determined for surrogate surfaces ranged from 2.8 to 7.8 cm s(-1). Filtered total and methyl Hg concentrations in Great Salt Lake surface waters were consistent throughout the year (3.6+/-0.8 ng L(-1) and 0.93+/-0.59 ng L(-1), respectively), while brine shrimp concentrations had a statistically significant increase from summer to fall. Data collected and data analyses indicated no direct local or regional source of Hg to the lake and that factors within the Great Salt Lake basin are important in controlling Hg(0) and RGM concentrations.

摘要

美国犹他州的大盐湖是地球上第四大终点湖,也是太平洋迁徙路线上3500万只鸟类的中途停留地。最近,犹他州卫生部和犹他州野生动物资源部针对几种以该湖卤虫为食的鸟类发布了组织汞(Hg)消费建议。我们推测,大盐湖上空的大气化学性质会促进汞向水体的大气沉降。由于大盐湖汞方面的信息很少,为了开始验证这一假设,我们在大约一年的时间里对大气元素汞(Hg(0))和活性气态汞(RGM)浓度以及水体和卤虫中的汞浓度进行了五次测量。应用替代表面和干沉降模型来估算可能输入到湖面的汞量,并利用HYSPLIT模型反向轨迹来研究湖面RGM的潜在来源。大气Hg(0)浓度与全球环境背景值相似,RGM浓度与农村地区报告的浓度相似。Hg(0)和RGM均呈现出规律的昼夜变化。模型估算的RGM向湖面的沉降速度范围为0.9至3.0厘米/秒,而替代表面的沉降速度范围为2.8至7.8厘米/秒。大盐湖表层水体中过滤后的总汞和甲基汞浓度全年保持一致(分别为3.6±0.8纳克/升和0.93±0.59纳克/升),而卤虫中的汞浓度从夏季到秋季有统计学上的显著增加。收集的数据和数据分析表明,该湖没有直接的本地或区域汞源,大盐湖流域内的因素对控制Hg(0)和RGM浓度很重要。

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