Anemia and cardiovascular risk in the patient with kidney disease.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience anemia, which causes fatigue and diminished quality of life. In addition, anemia in CKD has been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events and left ventricular hypertrophy. To the extent that anemia plays a causal role in these relationships, treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) could potentially help improve outcomes. To date, however, results from interventional studies have been disappointing in this regard. This article reviews the relationship between anemia in CKD and cardiovascular risk and explores current knowledge on ESA treatment.