Sawyer Jean, Chon Heecheong, Ambrose Nicoline G
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Illinois State University, 204 Fairchild Hall, Campus Box 4720, Normal, IL 61790-4720, USA.
J Fluency Disord. 2008 Sep;33(3):220-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2008.06.003. Epub 2008 Jun 26.
The purpose of the present study was (1) to determine whether speech rate, utterance length, and grammatical complexity (number of clauses and clausal constituents per utterance) influenced stuttering-like disfluencies as children became more disfluent at the end of a 1200-syllable speech sample [Sawyer, J., & Yairi, E. (2006). The effect of sample size on the assessment of stuttering severity. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, 36-44] and (2) to explore the interaction of speech rate, length, and grammatical complexity at the beginning (syllables 1-300, Section A) and the end (syllables 901-1200, Section B) of the speech sample. Participants were eight boys and six girls (M=40.9 months) who were selected from the Sawyer and Yairi [Sawyer, J., & Yairi, E. (2006). The effect of sample size on the assessment of stuttering severity. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, 36-44] study. Mean length of utterance (MLU) in morphemes, the number of clauses, clausal constituents, and articulation rate, measured in syllables per second were analyzed from the children's conversational speech. The median split procedure [Logan, K., & Conture, E. (1995). Length, grammatical complexity, and rate differences in stuttered and fluent conversational utterances of children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 20, 35-61; Yaruss, J. S. (1997). Utterance timing and childhood stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 22, 263-286] was used to study interactions between articulation rate, utterance length, and grammatical complexity across the two sections. The mean number of clauses per utterance, clausal constituents per utterance, and articulation rate revealed no significant differences between Section A and Section B, whereas MLU significantly increased in Section B (p=.013). Clausal constituents and MLU were significantly correlated both in Sections A and B. The median split procedure revealed trends for utterances characterized as high length and low-speech rate to be greater in number in Section B than A, but the differences were not significant.
The reader will learn about and be able to: (a) describe the influence of grammatical complexity and mean length of utterance on disfluent speech; (b) compare different procedures for assessing speech rate and determine why the effects of articulation rate have been inconclusive; (c) discuss procedures for comparing length, rate, and complexity across a single-speech sample; and (d) explain why therapeutic methods that emphasize shorter utterance lengths, rather than only slower speech rates, are advisable in establishing fluency in preschool children who stutter.
本研究的目的是:(1)确定在一个1200个音节的言语样本末尾,随着儿童言语不流畅程度增加,语速、话语长度和语法复杂性(每个话语的从句数量和从句成分数量)是否会影响类似口吃的言语不流畅[索耶,J.,& 亚伊里,E.(2006年)。样本大小对口吃严重程度评估的影响。《美国言语语言病理学杂志》,15,36 - 44];(2)探究言语样本开头(第1 - 300个音节,A部分)和末尾(第901 - 1200个音节,B部分)语速、长度和语法复杂性之间的相互作用。参与者是从索耶和亚伊里[索耶,J.,& 亚伊里,E.(2006年)。样本大小对口吃严重程度评估的影响。《美国言语语言病理学杂志》,15,36 - 44]的研究中选取的8名男孩和6名女孩(平均年龄 = 40.9个月)。从儿童的对话言语中分析了以语素为单位的平均话语长度(MLU)、从句数量、从句成分数量以及以每秒音节数衡量的发音速率。采用中位数分割程序[洛根,K.,& 孔图尔,E.(1995年)。口吃儿童和流畅儿童对话话语的长度、语法复杂性和速率差异。《言语流畅性障碍杂志》,20,35 - 61;亚鲁斯,J. S.(1997年)。话语时间与儿童口吃。《言语流畅性障碍杂志》,22,263 - 286]来研究两个部分中发音速率、话语长度和语法复杂性之间的相互作用。每个话语的平均从句数量、每个话语的从句成分数量和发音速率在A部分和B部分之间没有显著差异,而MLU在B部分显著增加(p = 0.013)。A部分和B部分的从句成分与MLU均显著相关。中位数分割程序显示,B部分中以高长度和低语速为特征的话语数量有比A部分更多的趋势,但差异不显著。
读者将了解并能够:(a)描述语法复杂性和平均话语长度对不流畅言语的影响;(b)比较评估语速的不同程序,并确定为什么发音速率的影响尚无定论;(c)讨论在单个言语样本中比较长度、速率和复杂性的程序;以及(d)解释为什么在帮助口吃的学龄前儿童建立流畅性时,强调较短话语长度而非仅较慢语速的治疗方法是可取的。