Shallow groundwater nitrogen responses to different land use managements in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir in North China.

This field study investigated the nitrogen concentrations in the shallow groundwater from an ephemeral stream and four land uses: cropland, two-year restored (2 yr) and five-years restored (5 yr) woodlands, fishponds, and the nitrogen flux in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir. The groundwater nitrate-N concentrations in cropland were the highest among the four land uses. Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and nitrate-N concentrations in the 2 yr woodland were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in 5 yr woodland. The lowest nitrogen concentrations were detected in fishponds. Nitrate-N was the main form in cropland and 2 yr woodland, whereas both nitrate-N and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were the main species in 5 yr woodland and fishponds. But, ammonium-N was the main form in the ephemeral stream. During the rainy season, the groundwater flow with dissolved nitrogen drains from upland into the reservoir along the hydraulic gradient. The woodland between the cropland and reservoir could act as a buffer to retain shallow groundwater nitrogen. The dominant form of ammonium-N in the groundwater TDN pool in ephemeral stream indicated that nitrogen from the village and orchard in upland flowed into the reservoir via subsurface flow. The fishpond was not an important pollution source for nitrogen transfer via shallow groundwater.