The effects of air quality on haematological and clinical parameters in children with sickle cell anaemia.

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA; HbSS) is characterised by its clinical variability, which is only partly explained by known genetic factors. Environmental factors are known to contribute to acute problems but their importance in chronic complications has not been analysed. We have studied 93 children with SCA in a single institution, who underwent transcranial Doppler scanning and steady-state blood tests in 2006. These data were correlated with each individual's exposure to pollution from dust (PM(10)), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)). This exposure was derived from patient postcodes and detailed street-level maps of average pollutant levels in 2006. All the pollutants correlated closely with each other. Increased exposure to pollution correlated with a significant reduction in total bilirubin levels, with a trend towards lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase. There was significant correlation between extracranial internal carotid artery blood velocity and PM(10) exposure. These studies suggest that chronic exposure to air pollutants could explain some variability in SCA. The lower levels of bilirubin and other markers of haemolysis with increased exposure to air pollutants could be mediated by increased exposure to NO.