Oxidative stress in ecology and evolution: lessons from avian studies.

Although oxidative stress is a central topic in biochemical and medical research, the number of reports on its relevance in life-history studies of non-human animals is still low. Information about oxidative stress in wild birds may help describe functional interactions among the components of life-history traits. Currently available evidence suggests that oxidative stress may impart an important physiological cost on longevity, reproduction, immune response or intense physical activity. Given the gaps in our present knowledge, it is still premature to attempt to draw definitive conclusions and basic questions (e.g. how is oxidative stress generated and how do organisms cope with it?) have yet to be fully explored under natural conditions. Therefore, caution is needed in developing hypotheses or drawing general conclusions until additional data become available to perform more rigorous comparative analyses.