Evans Jessica K, Buchanan Katherine L, Griffith Simon C, Klasing Kirk C, Addison BriAnne
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2122, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia.
Horm Behav. 2017 Feb;88:112-121. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.12.003. Epub 2017 Jan 5.
Bacteria have had a fundamental impact on vertebrate evolution not only by affecting the evolution of the immune system, but also generating complex interactions with behavior and physiology. Advances in molecular techniques have started to reveal the intricate ways in which bacteria and vertebrates have coevolved. Here, we focus on birds as an example system for understanding the fundamental impact bacteria have had on the evolution of avian immune defenses, behavior, physiology, reproduction and life histories. The avian egg has multiple characteristics that have evolved to enable effective defense against pathogenic attack. Microbial risk of pathogenic infection is hypothesized to vary with life stage, with early life risk being maximal at either hatching or fledging. For adult birds, microbial infection risk is also proposed to vary with habitat and life stage, with molt inducing a period of increased vulnerability. Bacteria not only play an important role in shaping the immune system as well as trade-offs with other physiological systems, but also for determining digestive efficiency and nutrient uptake. The relevance of avian microbiomes for avian ecology, physiology and behavior is highly topical and will likely impact on our understanding of avian welfare, conservation, captive breeding as well as for our understanding of the nature of host-microbe coevolution.
细菌对脊椎动物的进化产生了根本性影响，不仅影响免疫系统的进化，还与行为和生理产生复杂的相互作用。分子技术的进步已开始揭示细菌与脊椎动物共同进化的复杂方式。在此，我们以鸟类为例，来理解细菌对鸟类免疫防御、行为、生理、繁殖和生活史进化所产生的根本性影响。鸟类的蛋具有多种进化而来的特征，能够有效抵御病原体攻击。据推测，病原体感染的微生物风险会随生命阶段而变化，早期生命阶段在孵化或羽翼丰满时风险最大。对于成年鸟类，微生物感染风险也被认为会因栖息地和生命阶段而异，换羽会导致一段易感性增加的时期。细菌不仅在塑造免疫系统以及与其他生理系统的权衡中发挥重要作用，还对决定消化效率和营养吸收起作用。鸟类微生物群对鸟类生态学、生理学和行为的相关性是当前的热门话题，可能会影响我们对鸟类福利、保护、圈养繁殖的理解，以及我们对宿主 - 微生物共同进化本质的理解。
