Zandt P A, Mopper S
Department of Biology, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504-2451, USA.
Am Nat. 1998 Oct;152(4):595-604. doi: 10.1086/286192.
The adaptive deme formation (ADF) hypothesis predicts that herbivorous insects become locally adapted to their host plants over time. Since its inception, approximately 17 independent studies have tested ADF, and they are divided in support and rejection of the hypothesis. This field of insect evolutionary ecology has a contentious history, and the contradictory studies obscure our understanding of the general evolutionary importance of adaptive deme formation in phytophagous insects. We conducted a meta-analysis in an attempt to clarify this issue. Meta-analysis is a statistical method for quantitatively comparing and synthesizing the results of different studies in a way that is more objective than a traditional literature review. Our analysis indicates that local adaptation is an important phenomenon in diverse insect systems. Contrary to predictions of the original hypothesis, there was no evidence that insect dispersal ability, and ostensibly gene flow, was associated with local adaptive differentiation. There was some indication that breeding (parthenogenetic, haplodiploid, diplodiploid) and feeding (exophagous, endophagous) modes may influence the evolution of locally adapted demes. Our analysis supports the theory of adaptive deme formation and provides guidance for future research directions.
适应性种群形成（ADF）假说预测，随着时间的推移，食草昆虫会在当地适应其寄主植物。自该假说提出以来，大约有17项独立研究对ADF进行了测试，这些研究结果分为支持和否定该假说两类。昆虫进化生态学这一领域有着充满争议的历史，相互矛盾的研究使我们对适应性种群形成在植食性昆虫中的一般进化重要性的理解变得模糊不清。我们进行了一项荟萃分析，试图澄清这个问题。荟萃分析是一种统计方法，它以比传统文献综述更客观的方式定量比较和综合不同研究的结果。我们的分析表明，局部适应是多种昆虫系统中的一个重要现象。与原假说的预测相反，没有证据表明昆虫的扩散能力以及表面上的基因流与局部适应性分化有关。有一些迹象表明，繁殖（孤雌生殖、单倍二倍体、二倍体）和取食（外食性、内食性）模式可能会影响局部适应种群的进化。我们的分析支持适应性种群形成理论，并为未来的研究方向提供了指导。
