Goetze David
Political Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
Politics Life Sci. 2007 Sep;26(2):7-25. doi: 10.2990/26_2_7.
Humans exhibit intense attachments to very large groups, sometimes numbering in the millions. The author addresses the question of how inclinations to attach to large groups might have evolved and identifies the problem of collective action and free riding as the central obstacles to overcome. He argues that the nonsubtractibility feature of public goods and the inclusive fitness theory of W. D. Hamilton are key elements in the evolution of sharing behavior in large groups: a source of group attachments. The argument implies that the mix of goods available and produced in past and present environments impacts the configuration of different-sized groups found in human society.
人类对非常庞大的群体表现出强烈的依恋,这些群体有时数以百万计。作者探讨了对庞大群体产生依恋的倾向是如何进化的问题,并将集体行动和搭便车问题确定为需要克服的主要障碍。他认为,公共物品的不可分割性特征以及W. D. 汉密尔顿的广义适合度理论是大群体中共享行为进化的关键要素:群体依恋的一个来源。该论点意味着,过去和现在环境中可得和生产的物品组合会影响人类社会中不同规模群体的构成。