Concentrations of foliar quercetin in natural populations of white birch (Betula pubescens) increase with latitude.

We investigated latitudinal and regional variations in the composition and concentrations of foliar flavonoids and condensed tannins in wild populations of white birch (Betula pubescens EHRH) in a large climatic transect in Finland. Concentrations of quercetin derivatives were correlated positively with latitude. By contrast, the concentrations of apigenin and naringenin derivatives were correlated negatively with latitude. These compound-specific latitudinal gradients compensated each other, resulting in no changes in the concentration of total flavonoids. Our results thus demonstrate a qualitative, but not quantitative, latitude-associated gradient in the foliar flavonoids in white birch. Due to higher antioxidant capacity of the quercetin derivatives in relation to other flavonoids, the qualitative change can reflect higher adaptation to light in the north than south. An investigation on a regional scale in the northern boreal zone showed that the temperature sum was correlated positively and soil P concentration was correlated negatively with the concentrations of foliar flavonoid, while the concentration of condensed tannins was correlated with slope. The variation in concentrations of flavonoids at large-scale geographical patterns is in line with the conjecture that foliar flavonoids are synthesized for protection against photooxidative stress.