Pfleeger Thomas, Olszyk David, Plocher Milton, Yilma Solomon
USEPA NHEERL WED, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2008 Oct 23;37(6):2070-82. doi: 10.2134/jeq2007.0376. Print 2008 Nov-Dec.
Current phytotoxicity plant test protocols for US pesticide registration require testing for effects on seedling emergence and early growth without regard to other important factors, such as plant reproduction. Yield and quality reduction can have significant economic and ecological effects. Therefore, field trials were conducted to determine if potato (Solanum tubersum L.) vegetative growth and tuber yield and quality were affected by herbicides at below recommended field rates. Potatoes were grown in fields at the Oregon State University Horticulture Farm with herbicides applied at below recommended field application rates 14 d after emergence (DAE) or at 28 DAE. Plant height was measured before and 14 d after application. Visual foliar injury was rated 14 d after application, and tuber yield and quality parameters were measured at harvest (120 DAE). Some tubers were grown in the greenhouse the following year to determine if there were carry-over effects. Potato vegetation and tuber yield quality were generally more affected by herbicides applied at 14 DAE than at 28 DAE. Tuber yield and quality parameters were more affected by lower herbicide rates than were plant height or injury. There were significant yield losses caused by low rates of sulfometuron methyl and imazapyr and, to a lesser extent, with glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl. Bromoxynil and MCPA ((4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic) acid had little effect on the plants. Vegetative responses did not accurately predict yield and quality responses of tubers; therefore, reproductive responses should be considered in phytotoxicity test protocols for pesticide registration in the USA.
美国农药登记现行的植物毒性植物测试方案要求测试对幼苗出土和早期生长的影响，而不考虑其他重要因素，如植物繁殖。产量和质量下降可能会产生重大的经济和生态影响。因此，开展了田间试验，以确定马铃薯（Solanum tubersum L.）的营养生长、块茎产量和质量是否会受到低于推荐田间用量的除草剂的影响。马铃薯在俄勒冈州立大学园艺农场的田间种植，在出苗后14天（DAE）或28天（DAE）以低于推荐田间施用量施用除草剂。在施用前和施用后14天测量株高。在施用后14天对叶片可见损伤进行评级，并在收获时（120 DAE）测量块茎产量和质量参数。次年，将部分块茎在温室中种植，以确定是否存在残留效应。与28天施用除草剂相比，马铃薯植被和块茎产量质量通常受14天施用除草剂的影响更大。与株高或损伤相比，较低的除草剂用量对块茎产量和质量参数的影响更大。低剂量的甲基磺胺草醚和咪唑乙烟酸导致了显著的产量损失，草甘膦和甲基二磺隆在较小程度上也有影响。溴苯腈和MCPA（（4-氯-2-甲基苯氧基）乙酸）对植株影响很小。营养反应不能准确预测块茎的产量和质量反应；因此，在美国农药登记的植物毒性测试方案中应考虑生殖反应。
