US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
Ecotoxicology. 2012 Oct;21(7):1771-87. doi: 10.1007/s10646-012-0912-5. Epub 2012 May 1.
In the United States, the US EPA has the responsibility for the registration of pesticides. For the protection of nontarget terrestrial plants this requires two simple greenhouse tests (seedling emergence and vegetative vigor), each done with ten species grown individually. Indications of unacceptable effects levels equivalent to environmental exposure can lead to field testing which is not well-defined. Our objective was to develop a regional field test that is simple, economical, geographically flexible and with endpoints of ecological significance and compare the results with the standard greenhouse tests. Three native Oregon plant species were grown together with an introduced species. The experiment was replicated at two locations and repeated for 3 years with glyphosate applied at 0, 0.01 (8.3 g/ha), 0.1 (83.2 g/ha), and 0.2 (166.4 g/ha) × FAR (Field Application Rate of 832 gm/ha acid equivalent) and 2 years with aminopyralid applied at 0, 0.037 (4.6 g/ha), 0.136 (16.7 g/ha), and 0.5 (61.5 g/ha) × FAR (123 g/ha acid equivalent). With glyphosate, plant height and volume decreased with increasing herbicide concentration for all species, and for nearly all farm × year combinations. With aminopyralid, one species died at nearly all concentrations, sites and years, while the effects on the other three species were less pronounced and variable. The relative rank in glyphosate sensitivity among species in the field studies differed from the ranking from greenhouse studies, with Cynososurs echinatus the most sensitive in the field but Prunella vulgaris the most sensitive in the greenhouse. With aminopyralid, sensitivity generally was similar for all species in the greenhouse as in the field. The results suggest that a simple field test can be successfully designed to investigate the ecological effects of herbicides on plant communities and supplement information gained from greenhouse tests performed in controlled environments.
在美国，美国环保署负责农药的注册。为了保护非目标陆生植物，这需要进行两项简单的温室测试（幼苗出苗和营养生长活力），每种测试都使用单独种植的十个物种进行。不可接受的影响水平的迹象相当于环境暴露，可能导致定义不明确的田间测试。我们的目标是开发一种简单、经济、具有地理灵活性的区域田间测试，其终点具有生态意义，并将结果与标准温室测试进行比较。三种俄勒冈州本地植物物种与一种引入物种一起生长。该实验在两个地点进行了重复，并在三年内重复进行，用草甘膦以 0、0.01（8.3 克/公顷）、0.1（83.2 克/公顷）和 0.2（166.4 克/公顷）×FAR（832 克/公顷酸当量田间应用率）和两年内用氨氯吡啶酸以 0、0.037（4.6 克/公顷）、0.136（16.7 克/公顷）和 0.5（61.5 克/公顷）×FAR（123 克/公顷酸当量）进行处理。对于草甘膦，所有物种的植物高度和体积都随着除草剂浓度的增加而降低，并且几乎所有的农场×年组合都是如此。对于氨氯吡啶酸，一种物种几乎在所有浓度、地点和年份都会死亡，而对其他三种物种的影响则不那么明显且多变。在田间研究中，物种对草甘膦敏感性的相对等级与温室研究中的等级不同，Cynososurs echinatus 在田间最敏感，但 Prunella vulgaris 在温室中最敏感。对于氨氯吡啶酸，在温室和田间研究中，所有物种的敏感性通常相似。结果表明，可以成功设计一种简单的田间测试来研究除草剂对植物群落的生态影响，并补充在受控环境中进行的温室测试获得的信息。
