Richter Patricia, Hodge Knachelle, Stanfill Stephen, Zhang Liqin, Watson Clifford
Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Nov;10(11):1645-52. doi: 10.1080/14622200802412937.
In 2005, approximately 2.3% of U.S. adults used smokeless tobacco. Moist snuff leads all types of smokeless tobacco in revenues and marketing expenditures. The U.S. Surgeon General has concluded that smokeless tobacco use can lead to nicotine addiction. The National Toxicology Program of the National Institutes of Health has classified smokeless tobacco as a human carcinogen. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are potent carcinogens in smokeless tobacco products, and the pH of the product influences the content of un-ionized nicotine which is the form of nicotine most rapidly absorbed in the mouth. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed 40 top-selling brands of moist snuff to measure nicotine, moisture, pH, un-ionized nicotine, and TSNAs, including 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). The study findings indicate that moist snuff brands varied widely in content of rapidly absorbed, addictive un-ionized nicotine (500-fold range) and of carcinogenic TSNAs (18-fold range). Product characteristics such as packaging and moisture content appeared to be correlated with concentrations of un-ionized nicotine, and flavor characteristics of low-priced brands may correlate with TSNA concentrations. These findings warrant further study in light of (a) the marketing of smokeless tobacco for use in places where smoking is prohibited, (b) the promotion of smokeless tobacco as a harm-reduction product, and (c) the ever-expanding number of highly flavored smokeless varieties brought to the market.
2005年，约2.3%的美国成年人使用无烟烟草。湿鼻烟在所有类型无烟烟草的收入和营销支出方面居首位。美国卫生局局长得出结论，使用无烟烟草会导致尼古丁成瘾。美国国立卫生研究院国家毒理学计划已将无烟烟草归类为人类致癌物。烟草特有亚硝胺（TSNAs）是无烟烟草产品中的强效致癌物，产品的pH值会影响未电离尼古丁的含量，而未电离尼古丁是在口腔中吸收最快的尼古丁形式。疾病控制与预防中心分析了40个最畅销的湿鼻烟品牌，以测量尼古丁、水分、pH值、未电离尼古丁和TSNAs，包括4-（甲基亚硝胺基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL）。研究结果表明，湿鼻烟品牌在快速吸收的成瘾性未电离尼古丁含量（范围为500倍）和致癌性TSNAs含量（范围为18倍）方面差异很大。包装和水分含量等产品特性似乎与未电离尼古丁浓度相关，低价品牌的风味特性可能与TSNAs浓度相关。鉴于（a）无烟烟草在禁止吸烟场所的营销，（b）无烟烟草作为一种减少危害产品的推广，以及（c）市场上推出的口味丰富的无烟烟草品种不断增加，这些发现值得进一步研究。
