Structural and functional properties of reconstituted high density lipoprotein discs prepared with six apolipoprotein A-I variants.

Six apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) variants containing the following amino acid changes: Pro3----Arg, Pro4----Arg, Lys107----0 (Lys deletion) Lys107----Met, Pro165----Arg, and Glu198----Lys, and the corresponding normal allele products, were isolated by preparative isoelectric focusing from heterozygous individuals. The apoA-I samples were reconstituted with palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and small amounts of cholesterol, into discoidal high density lipoprotein (HDL) complexes in order to examine their lipid binding and structural properties as well as their ability to activate lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Starting with initial molar ratios around 100:5:1 for phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol-apolipoprotein, all the normal and variant apoA-Is were completely incorporated into reconstituted HDL (rHDL). The rHDL particle sizes and their distributions were examined by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, before and after incubation with LDL, to assess the folding of apoA-I in the complexes. Intrinsic Trp fluorescence properties of the rHDL were measured, as a function of temperature and guanidine hydrochloride concentration, to detect conformational differences in the apoA-I variants. In addition, the LCAT reaction kinetics were measured with all the rHDL, and the apparent kinetic constants were compared. In terms of the structure of the rHDL particles, all the normal variant apoA-Is had similar sizes (94, 96 A) and size distributions, and indistinguishable fluorescence properties, with the exception of the Lys107----0 mutant. This variant formed slightly larger particles that were resistant to rearrangements in the presence of LDL, and had an altered apoA-I conformation in the vicinity of the Trp residues. The kinetic experiments with LCAT indicated that the apoA-I variants, Lys107----0 and Pro165----Arg, in rHDL particles had statistically different (30 to 90%) kinetic constants from the corresponding normal allele products; however, the variability in the kinetic constants among the normal apoA-I products was even greater (40 to 430%). Therefore, we conclude that the effects of these six mutations in apoA-I on the activation of LCAT are minor, and that the structural effects on rHDL, and possibly native HDL, are insignificant with the exception of the Lys107----0 mutation.