Increased synapses in the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with repeated amphetamine administration.

Psychostimulant drug experience leads not only to long-lasting changes in behavior but also modifications in the activity and morphology of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The objective of this study was to establish whether repeated treatment of rats with amphetamine (AMPH) is accompanied by changes in the pattern or types of synapses in the mPFC and, specifically, onto neurons that project to the lateral hypothalamus, where our earlier work has shown increased markers of neuronal activity after repeated AMPH treatment (Morshedi and Meredith [2008] Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197:179-189). Rats were treated with a behaviorally sensitizing regimen of AMPH, following which synapses in the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices of the mPFC, were analyzed with unbiased stereology (physical disector and electron microscopy). All synapses were counted and their targets were identified by standard methodological criteria. Repeated AMPH administration was associated with a significant increase in the number of asymmetric axospinous synapses, no change in axodendritic or axosomatic contacts, and no change in the total number of synapses on corticolateral hypothalamic pyramidal neurons compared to vehicle-treated rats. Therefore, behavioral sensitization as a result of repeated exposure to AMPH is accompanied by the increased formation of spine, but not dendritic, synapses onto pyramidal neurons in the mPFC.