Stahl Leanne L, Snyder Blaine D, Olsen Anthony R, Pitt Jennifer L
OW/Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (MC 4305), Washington, DC 20460, USA.
Environ Monit Assess. 2009 Mar;150(1-4):3-19. doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0669-8. Epub 2008 Dec 9.
An unequal probability design was used to develop national estimates for 268 persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals in fish tissue from lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States (excluding the Laurentian Great Lakes and Great Salt Lake). Predator (fillet) and bottom-dweller (whole body) composites were collected from 500 lakes selected randomly from the target population of 147,343 lakes in the lower 48 states. Each of these composite types comprised nationally representative samples whose results were extrapolated to the sampled population of an estimated 76,559 lakes for predators and 46,190 lakes for bottom dwellers. Mercury and PCBs were detected in all fish samples. Dioxins and furans were detected in 81% and 99% of predator and bottom-dweller samples, respectively. Cumulative frequency distributions showed that mercury concentrations exceeded the EPA 300 ppb mercury fish tissue criterion at nearly half of the lakes in the sampled population. Total PCB concentrations exceeded a 12 ppb human health risk-based consumption limit at nearly 17% of lakes, and dioxins and furans exceeded a 0.15 ppt (toxic equivalent or TEQ) risk-based threshold at nearly 8% of lakes in the sampled population. In contrast, 43 target chemicals were not detected in any samples. No detections were reported for nine organophosphate pesticides, one PCB congener, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or 17 other semivolatile organic chemicals.
采用不等概率设计来估算美国本土（不包括五大湖和大盐湖）湖泊和水库鱼类组织中268种持久性、生物累积性和有毒化学物质的全国含量。从48个州147,343个湖泊的目标总体中随机选取500个湖泊，采集了捕食性鱼类（鱼片）和底栖鱼类（全鱼）的混合样本。每种混合样本类型都包含具有全国代表性的样本，其结果被外推至估计有76,559个湖泊的捕食性鱼类样本总体和46,190个湖泊的底栖鱼类样本总体。所有鱼类样本中均检测出汞和多氯联苯。在捕食性鱼类和底栖鱼类样本中，二噁英和呋喃的检出率分别为81%和99%。累积频率分布表明，在所采样湖泊总体中，近一半湖泊的汞浓度超过了美国环保署规定的鱼类组织汞含量标准300 ppb。在近17%的湖泊中，多氯联苯总浓度超过了基于人类健康风险的12 ppb消费限值，在所采样湖泊总体中，近8%的湖泊二噁英和呋喃浓度超过了基于风险的0.15 ppt（毒性当量或TEQ）阈值。相比之下，43种目标化学物质在任何样本中均未检出。九种有机磷农药、一种多氯联苯同系物、16种多环芳烃或17种其他半挥发性有机化学物质均未被检出。
