U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OW/Office of Science and Technology, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (MC 4305), Washington DC 20460, USA.
Tetra Tech Inc., Center for Ecological Sciences, 400 Red Brook Boulevard, Suite 200, Owings Mills, MD 21117, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Nov 15;499:185-95. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.126. Epub 2014 Sep 2.
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have recently received scientific and regulatory attention due to their broad environmental distribution, persistence, bioaccumulative potential, and toxicity. Studies suggest that fish consumption may be a source of human exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids. Most PFC fish tissue literature focuses on marine fish and waters outside of the United States (U.S.). To broaden assessments in U.S. fish, a characterization of PFCs in freshwater fish was initiated on a national scale using an unequal probability design during the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) 2008-2009 National Rivers and Streams Assessment (NRSA) and the Great Lakes Human Health Fish Tissue Study component of the 2010 EPA National Coastal Condition Assessment (NCCA/GL). Fish were collected from randomly selected locations--164 urban river sites and 157 nearshore Great Lake sites. The probability design allowed extrapolation to the sampled population of 17,059 km in urban rivers and a nearshore area of 11,091 km(2) in the Great Lakes. Fillets were analyzed for 13 PFCs using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that PFOS dominated in frequency of occurrence, followed by three other longer-chain PFCs (perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, and perfluorododecanoic acid). Maximum PFOS concentrations were 127 and 80 ng/g in urban river samples and Great Lakes samples, respectively. The range of NRSA PFOS detections was similar to literature accounts from targeted riverine fish sampling. NCCA/GL PFOS levels were lower than those reported by other Great Lakes researchers, but generally higher than values in targeted inland lake studies. The probability design allowed development of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) to quantify PFOS concentrations versus the sampled population, and the application of fish consumption advisory guidance to the CDFs resulted in an estimation of the proportion of urban rivers and the Great Lakes that exceed human health protection thresholds.
全氟化合物（PFCs）由于其广泛的环境分布、持久性、生物蓄积潜力和毒性，最近受到了科学界和监管机构的关注。研究表明，鱼类消费可能是人类接触全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）或长链全氟羧酸的来源。大多数 PFC 鱼类组织文献都集中在海洋鱼类和美国（U.S.）以外的水域。为了扩大美国鱼类的评估范围，美国环境保护署（EPA）在 2008-2009 年国家河流和溪流评估（NRSA）和 2010 年 EPA 国家沿海状况评估（NCCA/GL）的大湖人类健康鱼类组织研究部分中，使用非均等概率设计，在全国范围内启动了淡水鱼类中 PFC 的特征描述。从随机选择的地点采集鱼类-164 个城市河流站点和 157 个近岸大湖站点。概率设计允许对城市河流 17059 公里和大湖近岸地区 11091 公里的采样人群进行外推。使用高效液相色谱串联质谱法对 13 种 PFC 进行了分析。结果表明，PFOS 在出现频率方面占主导地位，其次是另外三种长链 PFC（全氟癸酸、全氟十一烷酸和全氟十二烷酸）。城市河流和大湖样本中 PFOS 的最大浓度分别为 127 和 80ng/g。NRSA PFOS 的检出范围与针对河流鱼类采样的文献报道相似。NCCA/GL 的 PFOS 水平低于其他大湖研究人员的报告，但普遍高于针对内陆湖研究的报告。概率设计允许开发累积分布函数（CDFs）来量化 PFOS 浓度与采样人群的关系，并且将鱼类消费咨询指南应用于 CDFs 导致了对超过人类健康保护阈值的城市河流和大湖比例的估计。
