Varga Ivan, Pospisilova Viera, Gmitterova Karin, Galfiova Paulina, Polak Stefan, Galbavy Stefan
Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008 Dec;29(6):837-45.
The pharyngeal (branchial) region represents a classic example where the relationship between ontogenesis and phylogenesis has been demonstrated. It is a region where the development of gills during ontogenesis of all chordates has been recapitulated. In the process of evolution the pharyngeal region has undergone marked changes. While it functioned to ensure blood oxygenation and regulation of a constant internal environment in aquatic animals, it had to adapt to new and more complex functions in terrestrial vertebrates. The lungs have taken on the main role of blood oxygenation and the salivary glands now regulate ionic balance. The immune organs in mammals such as the thymus and the palatine tonsil, endocrine organs such as the parathyroid glands and the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, which produces calcitonin (originally as independent ultimobranchial bodies), as well as a part of the ear developed from the pharyngeal region. This article briefly summarizes the current knowledge regarding the phylogenesis and development of the human thymus, parathyroids, and the thyroid gland with a focus on the influence of neural crest cells during development.
咽（鳃）区是一个经典例子，它展示了个体发生与系统发生之间的关系。在所有脊索动物的个体发生过程中，鳃的发育在这个区域得以重演。在进化过程中，咽区经历了显著变化。在水生动物中，它的功能是确保血液氧合和调节恒定的内部环境，而在陆生脊椎动物中，它必须适应新的、更复杂的功能。肺承担了血液氧合的主要作用，唾液腺现在调节离子平衡。哺乳动物的免疫器官如胸腺和腭扁桃体、内分泌器官如甲状旁腺以及产生降钙素的甲状腺滤泡旁细胞（最初作为独立的后鳃体），还有耳朵的一部分都由咽区发育而来。本文简要总结了关于人类胸腺、甲状旁腺和甲状腺的系统发生和发育的当前知识，重点关注发育过程中神经嵴细胞的影响。
