Roditakis Emmanouil, Grispou Maria, Morou Evangelia, Kristoffersen Jon Bent, Roditakis Nikos, Nauen Ralf, Vontas John, Tsagkarakou Anastasia
National Agricultural Research Foundation, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, PO Box 2228, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.
Pest Manag Sci. 2009 Mar;65(3):313-22. doi: 10.1002/ps.1690.
A major problem of crop protection in Crete, Greece, is the control of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) with chemical insecticides owing to the rapid development of resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the establishment of resistance and the underlying mechanisms to major insecticide classes with classical bioassays and known biochemical resistance markers.
During a 2005-2007 survey, 53 Q biotype populations were collected. Application history records showed extensive use of neonicotinoids, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. High resistance levels were identified in the majority of populations (>80%) for imidacloprid (RF: 38-1958x) and alpha-cypermethrin (RF: 30-600x). Low resistance levels (RF < 12) were observed for pirimiphos-methyl. A strong correlation between resistance to imidacloprid and the number of applications with neonicotinoids was observed. Significant correlations were observed between COE and P450-dependent monoxygenase activity with resistance to alpha-cypermethrin and imidacloprid respectively. A propoxur-based AChE diagnostic test indicated that iAChE was widespread in most populations. Resistance levels for alpha-cypermethrin were increased when compared with a previous survey (2002-2003). Differentiation of LC(50) values between localities was observed for imidacloprid only.
Bemisia tabaci resistance evolved differently in each of the three insecticides studied. Imidacloprid resistance seems less established and less persistent than alpha-cypermethrin resistance. The low resistance levels for pirimiphos-methyl suggest absence of cross-resistance with other organophosphates or carbamates used.
在希腊克里特岛，作物保护面临的一个主要问题是，由于烟粉虱（烟粉虱属，半翅目：粉虱科）对化学杀虫剂的抗性迅速发展，需要使用化学杀虫剂对其进行防治。本研究的目的是通过经典生物测定法和已知的生化抗性标记，研究对主要杀虫剂类别抗性的形成及其潜在机制。
在2005 - 2007年的调查中，收集了53个Q生物型种群。用药历史记录显示，新烟碱类、有机磷类、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂被广泛使用。在大多数种群（>80%）中，吡虫啉（抗性倍数：38 - 1958倍）和高效氯氰菊酯（抗性倍数：30 - 600倍）表现出高抗性水平。甲基嘧啶磷表现出低抗性水平（抗性倍数<12）。观察到对吡虫啉的抗性与新烟碱类杀虫剂的使用次数之间存在强相关性。分别观察到羧酸酯酶（COE）和细胞色素P450依赖的单加氧酶活性与对高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉的抗性之间存在显著相关性。基于残杀威的乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）诊断试验表明，抑制敏感型乙酰胆碱酯酶（iAChE）在大多数种群中广泛存在。与之前（2002 - 2003年）的调查相比，高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平有所增加。仅在吡虫啉中观察到不同地点之间半数致死浓度（LC50）值的差异。
在所研究的三种杀虫剂中，烟粉虱的抗性发展情况各不相同。吡虫啉抗性似乎比高效氯氰菊酯抗性的形成程度更低，持续性更差。甲基嘧啶磷的低抗性水平表明其与所使用的其他有机磷或氨基甲酸酯类不存在交叉抗性。
