University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Oct 1;104 Suppl 1:S70-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.11.011. Epub 2009 Jan 10.
Risk factors that predict vulnerability for nicotine and other drug abuse have been identified using preclinical models, and there is close agreement with clinical and epidemiological studies. The major risk factors to be discussed are age, sex/hormonal status, impulsivity, sweet-liking, novelty reactivity, proclivity for exercise, and environmental impoverishment (vs. enrichment). This discussion will focus on factors that preclinical research has determined are strong and translatable predictors of nicotine and other drug abuse. An advantage of using preclinical models is that prospective, longitudinal studies and within-subject designs can be used to reveal risk factors that are diverse yet maintain unique characteristics. The many interrelationships among these factors lead to an additive vulnerability that increases the predictability that drug abuse will occur. A feature that these risk factors have in common is that they consistently predict vulnerability to drug abuse over critical transition phases of addiction that are difficult to examine prospectively in humans, such as acquisition, escalation, and reinstatement of drug-seeking after abstinence (relapse). The models offer valuable information that has been transferred to effective prevention and treatment strategies for smoking and other drug abuse in humans.
使用临床前模型已经确定了预测尼古丁和其他药物滥用易感性的风险因素，并且与临床和流行病学研究密切一致。将要讨论的主要风险因素包括年龄、性别/激素状态、冲动性、喜欢甜食、新奇反应性、运动倾向以及环境匮乏（与丰富相对）。本次讨论将集中于临床前研究确定的、对尼古丁和其他药物滥用具有较强预测力的因素。使用临床前模型的一个优势是，可以使用前瞻性、纵向研究和个体内设计来揭示具有多样性但又保持独特特征的风险因素。这些因素之间的许多相互关系导致了一种累加的脆弱性，增加了药物滥用发生的可预测性。这些风险因素的一个共同特征是，它们在成瘾的关键过渡阶段持续预测药物滥用的易感性，而这些阶段在人类中很难进行前瞻性研究，例如在戒断（复吸）后寻求药物的获得、升级和恢复。这些模型提供了有价值的信息，已被转移到人类中预防和治疗吸烟和其他药物滥用的有效策略中。
