Lynch Wendy J, Roth Megan E, Carroll Marilyn E
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Nov;164(2):121-37. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1183-2. Epub 2002 Sep 5.
The recent focus on drug abuse in women has brought attention to numerous differences between women and men. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical findings of sex differences in drug abuse as well as mechanisms that may underlie these differences. Recent evidence suggests that the progression to dependence and abuse may differ between women and men; thus, different prevention and treatment strategies may be required. Similar sex differences in drug sensitivity and self-administration have been reported in laboratory animal studies. Females appear to be more vulnerable than males to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants, opiates, and nicotine during many phases of the addiction process (e.g. acquisition, maintenance, dysregulation-escalation, relapse). Male and female animals differ in their behavioral, neurological, and pharmacological responses to drugs. Although the role of sex in the mechanisms of drug action remains unclear, preclinical and clinical studies indicate that ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen, play a role in producing sex differences in drug abuse. Future research is necessary to provide information on how to design more effective drug abuse treatment programs and resources that are sex specific.
近期对女性药物滥用问题的关注，使人们注意到了女性与男性之间的诸多差异。在本综述中，我们将讨论药物滥用方面性别差异的临床前和临床研究结果，以及这些差异背后可能存在的机制。最新证据表明，女性和男性在药物依赖及滥用的发展进程上可能有所不同；因此，可能需要不同的预防和治疗策略。在实验室动物研究中也报告了药物敏感性和自我给药方面类似的性别差异。在成瘾过程的许多阶段（如获取、维持、失调 - 升级、复发），女性似乎比男性更容易受到精神兴奋剂、阿片类药物和尼古丁强化作用的影响。雄性和雌性动物对药物的行为、神经和药理反应存在差异。尽管性别在药物作用机制中的作用尚不清楚，但临床前和临床研究表明，卵巢激素，尤其是雌激素，在药物滥用的性别差异产生中发挥作用。未来有必要开展研究，以提供有关如何设计更有效的、针对性别的药物滥用治疗方案和资源的信息。
