Psychosocial determinants of recovery in depression.

There is a growing body of literature on residual symptoms after apparently successful treatment. The strong prognostic value of subthreshold symptomatology upon remission and the relationship between residual and prodromal symptomatology (the rollback phenomenon) have been outlined. Most residual symptoms also occur in the prodromal phase of depression and may progress to become prodromes of relapse. These findings entail important implications. It is necessary to closely monitor the patient throughout the different phases of illness and to assess the quality and extent of residual symptoms. A more stringent definition of recovery, which is not limited to symptomatic assessment, but includes psychological well-being, seems to be necessary. New therapeutic strategies for improving the level of remission, such as treatment of residual symptoms that progress to become prodromes of relapse and/or increasing psychological well-being, appear to yield more lasting benefits. The sequential model may provide room for innovative treatment approaches, including the use of drugs for specifically addressing residual symptoms. As occurs in other medical disorders (such as diabetes and hypertension), the active role of the patient in achieving recovery (self-therapy homework) should be pursued.