Switzky H N, Haywood H C
Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 60115.
J Ment Defic Res. 1991 Jun;35 ( Pt 3):221-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1991.tb01055.x.
The effects of external (environmental) and internal (cognitive) self-influences of self-regulatory behaviour were investigated in 60 mildly mentally retarded adults. External conditions were three demand conditions (stringent, variable, and lenient). The 'internal' variable was an individual differences one, motivational orientation: one-half of the subjects were relatively intrinsically motivated and the other half were relatively extrinsically motivated. Both external and internal self-influences affected performance on a motor/attention task. Subjects in the stringent-demand condition worked harder, set higher performance standards and arranged leaner schedules of self-reinforcement than did subjects in the lenient demand condition. Intrinsically motivated subjects worked harder, set higher performance standards, and arranged leaner schedules of self-reinforcement than did extrinsically motivated subjects over all demand conditions. Furthermore, intrinsically motivated subjects chose higher performance standards than had been demonstrated to them in the lenient-demand condition, and also arranged leaner schedules of self reinforcement over all demand conditions than had been demonstrated to them, compared to extrinsically motivated subjects. Internal self-system characteristics appear to interact reciprocally with external demand characteristics to reveal substantial individual differences in patterns of self-reward behaviour.
在60名轻度智力发育迟缓的成年人中，研究了自我调节行为的外部（环境）和内部（认知）自我影响因素。外部条件为三种需求条件（严格、可变和宽松）。“内部”变量是个体差异变量，即动机取向：一半受试者相对具有内在动机，另一半则相对具有外在动机。外部和内部自我影响因素均对一项运动/注意力任务的表现产生影响。与宽松需求条件下的受试者相比，严格需求条件下的受试者工作更努力，设定了更高的表现标准，并且安排了更精简的自我强化计划。在所有需求条件下，具有内在动机的受试者比具有外在动机的受试者工作更努力，设定了更高的表现标准，并且安排了更精简的自我强化计划。此外，与具有外在动机的受试者相比，具有内在动机的受试者在宽松需求条件下选择了比向他们展示的更高的表现标准，并且在所有需求条件下安排的自我强化计划也比向他们展示的更精简。内部自我系统特征似乎与外部需求特征相互作用，从而揭示出自我奖励行为模式中的显著个体差异。
