Beyond p-values: averaged and reproducible evidence in fMRI experiments.

In functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, there might exist activation regions routinely involved in experimental sessions, but modest in response magnitude. These regions may not be easily detectable by the conventional p-value approach using a rigid threshold. With particular reference to the reproducibility analysis method proposed in Liou and colleagues, this study presents some within- and between-subject brain-activation patterns that are replicable between experimental modalities, and robust to the method used for generating the patterns. There is a neurophysiological basis behind these reproducible patterns, and the conventional p-value approach using averaged data across subjects might not suggest the complete patterns. For example, recent studies based on the group-averaged data showed a task-induced deactivation in the precuneus and posterior cingulate, but our reproducibility analysis suggests both increased and decreased responses in the two regions. The increased responses localize in these regions with differentially distributed patterns for individual subjects and for different experimental tasks. In this study, we discuss the neurophysiological basis of the reproducible patterns and propose some applications of our research findings to scientific and clinical studies.