Zidon Royi, Saltz David, Shore Laurence S, Motro Uzi
Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
Conserv Biol. 2009 Aug;23(4):1026-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01163.x. Epub 2009 Feb 6.
Reintroductions often rely on captive-raised, naïve animals that have not been exposed to the various threats present in natural environments. Wild animals entering new areas are timid and invest much time and effort in antipredator behavior. On the other hand, captive animals reared in predator-free conditions and in close proximity to humans may initially lack this tendency, but can reacquire some antipredator behavior over time. We monitored the changes in antipredator-related behaviors of 16 radio-collared Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) reintroduced to the Soreq Valley in Israel from 2 breeding facilities: one heavily visited by the public (The Biblical Zoo of Jerusalem, Israel) and the other with reduced human presence (Hai-Bar Carmel, Israel). We monitored each individual for up to 200 days after release, focusing on flush and flight distance, flight mode (running or walking), and use of cover. In addition, we compared fecal corticosterone (a stress-related hormone) from samples collected from known animals in the wild to samples collected in the breeding facilities. Reintroduced individuals from both origins exhibit increased flush distance over time; flush and flight distances were larger in individuals from Hai-Bar; use of cover increased with time, but was greater in Hai-Bar Carmel animals; corticosterone levels were significantly higher in fecal samples from reintroduced animals than in samples from captive animals; and Hai-Bar Carmel animals had an 80% survival rate over the 200 days, whereas no animals from the Biblical Zoo of Jerusalem survived. Reintroduced Persian fallow deer reacquired antipredator behaviors after the release, but the process was slow (months) and differences between conditions at the breeding facilities that were seemingly benign (e.g., number of visitors and other human related activities) influenced this process and consequently affected the success of the reintroduction. Captive breeding facilities for the purpose of reintroduction should minimize anthropogenic disturbances.
重新引入通常依赖圈养繁殖的、未经驯化的动物，这些动物未曾接触过自然环境中存在的各种威胁。进入新区域的野生动物胆小，会在反捕食行为上投入大量时间和精力。另一方面，在无捕食者环境中且与人类近距离饲养的圈养动物最初可能缺乏这种倾向，但随着时间推移可以重新获得一些反捕食行为。我们监测了16只佩戴无线电项圈的波斯黇鹿（Dama mesopotamica）的反捕食相关行为变化，这些鹿从2个繁殖设施被重新引入以色列的索雷克山谷：一个是公众大量参观的（以色列耶路撒冷圣经动物园），另一个人类活动较少（以色列海巴尔卡梅尔）。我们在鹿放归后对每只个体监测了长达200天，重点关注惊飞距离和逃跑距离、逃跑方式（奔跑或行走）以及掩护物的使用。此外，我们将从野外已知动物采集的粪便皮质酮（一种与应激相关的激素）样本与在繁殖设施采集的样本进行了比较。来自两个来源的重新引入个体随着时间推移惊飞距离都增加了；海巴尔的个体惊飞和逃跑距离更大；掩护物的使用随时间增加，但海巴尔卡梅尔的动物使用得更多；重新引入动物的粪便样本中皮质酮水平显著高于圈养动物的样本；海巴尔卡梅尔的动物在200天内有80%的存活率，而耶路撒冷圣经动物园没有动物存活。重新引入的波斯黇鹿在放归后重新获得了反捕食行为，但这个过程很缓慢（数月），繁殖设施中看似无害的条件差异（例如游客数量和其他与人类相关的活动）影响了这个过程，从而影响了重新引入的成功率。用于重新引入目的的圈养繁殖设施应尽量减少人为干扰。
