Wilkes Gail, Hartshorn Kevan
Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
Semin Oncol Nurs. 2009 Feb;25(1):32-47. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2008.10.003.
To review the incidence, risk factors, staging, diagnosis, and treatment of colon, rectal, and anal cancers, as well as nursing care associated with managing patients diagnosed with these malignancies.
Published research reports, epidemiologic data, published patient management guidelines, and institution-based clinical tools.
Significant advances in the management of colon, rectal, and anal cancers in the past decade have extended patient survival. Further clinical research will refine current therapeutic strategies and treatment decision-making aids while minimizing symptoms of disease and treatment.
Nurses need to be familiar with risk factors, disease course, and current and emerging therapies to assist patients with treatment decision-making, and to anticipate and intervene in managing disease and treatment-induced problems. Early identification and management of distressing symptoms can help to avoid life-threatening effects and promote patient adherence to prescribed therapies; timely patient/family education may minimize anxiety and promote self-management.
回顾结肠癌、直肠癌和肛管癌的发病率、危险因素、分期、诊断和治疗，以及与管理诊断为这些恶性肿瘤的患者相关的护理。
已发表的研究报告、流行病学数据、已发表的患者管理指南和基于机构的临床工具。
过去十年中，结肠癌、直肠癌和肛管癌的管理取得了重大进展，延长了患者的生存期。进一步的临床研究将完善当前的治疗策略和治疗决策辅助工具，同时将疾病和治疗的症状降至最低。
护士需要熟悉危险因素、疾病进程以及当前和新兴的治疗方法，以协助患者进行治疗决策，并预测和干预疾病及治疗引起的问题。早期识别和管理令人痛苦的症状有助于避免危及生命的影响，并促进患者坚持规定的治疗；及时的患者/家庭教育可将焦虑降至最低并促进自我管理。
