Haynes Stephen N, Mumma Gregory H, Pinson Catherine
Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2009 Mar;29(2):179-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.12.003. Epub 2009 Jan 3.
Idiographic assessment is the measurement of variables and functional relations that have been individually selected, or derived from assessment stimuli or contexts that have been individually tailored, to maximize their relevance for the particular individual. This article first reviews various definitions and clinical applications of idiographic assessment. Several properties of behavior problems and causal relations provide the conceptual basis for idiographic assessment: (a) differences across persons in the attributes, response systems, and dimensions of a behavior problem, and (b) differences across persons in the causal relations relevant to a particular behavior problem. Because of these individual differences, nomothetic measures often reflect variance that is irrelevant to the targeted construct for the individual. We present a psychometric framework for idiographic assessment by first summarizing why the psychometric principles used to develop standardized measures of nomothetic constructs can create incongruity between the nomothetic measure and the characteristics of the targeted construct for an individual. We then develop a psychometric framework for idiographic assessment that combines components of multilevel modeling (random effects) and confirmatory factor analyses applied to repeated measurements of each individual. We also provide a step-by-step guide for the development and evaluation of an idiographic assessment instrument.
个案评估是对那些经过单独选择，或从经过单独定制的评估刺激或情境中得出的变量及功能关系进行测量，以使其与特定个体的相关性最大化。本文首先回顾了个案评估的各种定义及临床应用。行为问题和因果关系的若干特性为个案评估提供了概念基础：（a）不同个体在行为问题的属性、反应系统及维度方面存在差异，以及（b）不同个体在与特定行为问题相关的因果关系方面存在差异。由于这些个体差异，常模测量往往反映出与个体目标构念无关的变异。我们通过首先总结用于开发常模构念标准化测量的心理测量原则为何会在常模测量与个体目标构念的特征之间造成不一致，从而提出一个个案评估的心理测量框架。然后，我们开发了一个个案评估的心理测量框架，该框架结合了多层次建模（随机效应）的组成部分以及应用于对每个个体进行重复测量的验证性因素分析。我们还为个案评估工具的开发和评估提供了分步指南。
