Beasley Jeannette M, Ange Brett A, Anderson Cheryl A M, Miller Edgar R, Erlinger Thomas P, Holbrook Janet T, Sacks Frank M, Appel Lawrence J
Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-1404, USA.
Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Apr 1;169(7):893-900. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn415. Epub 2009 Feb 18.
The authors compared effects of macronutrients on self-reported appetite and selected fasting hormone levels. The Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease (OMNI-Heart) (2003-2005) was a randomized, 3-period, crossover feeding trial (n = 164) comparing the effects of 3 diets, each rich in a different macronutrient. Percentages of kilocalories of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 48, 27, and 25, respectively, for the protein-rich diet; 58, 27, and 15, for the carbohydrate-rich diet; and 48, 37, and 15 for the diet rich in unsaturated fat. Food and drink were provided for each isocaloric 6-week period. Appetite was measured by visual analog scales. Pairwise differences between diets were estimated using generalized estimating equations. Compared with the protein diet, premeal appetite was 14% higher on the carbohydrate (P = 0.01) and unsaturated-fat (P = 0.003) diets. Geometric mean leptin was 8% lower on the protein diet than on the carbohydrate diet (P = 0.003). Obestatin levels were 7% and 6% lower on the protein diet than on the carbohydrate (P = 0.02) and unsaturated-fat (P = 0.004) diets, respectively. There were no between-diet differences for ghrelin. A diet rich in protein from lean meat and vegetables reduces self-reported appetite compared with diets rich in carbohydrate and unsaturated fat and can be recommended in a weight-stable setting. The observed pattern of hormone changes does not explain the inverse association between protein intake and appetite.
作者比较了常量营养素对自我报告的食欲和选定的空腹激素水平的影响。预防心脏病的最佳常量营养素摄入试验（OMNI-Heart）（2003年至2005年）是一项随机、3期、交叉喂养试验（n = 164），比较了3种饮食的效果，每种饮食富含不同的常量营养素。富含蛋白质的饮食中碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的千卡百分比分别为48%、27%和25%；富含碳水化合物的饮食中分别为58%、27%和15%；富含不饱和脂肪的饮食中分别为48%、37%和15%。在每个等热量的6周期间提供食物和饮料。食欲通过视觉模拟量表进行测量。使用广义估计方程估计饮食之间的成对差异。与蛋白质饮食相比，碳水化合物饮食（P = 0.01）和不饱和脂肪饮食（P = 0.003）的餐前食欲高出14%。蛋白质饮食的几何平均瘦素水平比碳水化合物饮食低8%（P = 0.003）。蛋白质饮食的肥胖抑制素水平分别比碳水化合物饮食（P = 0.02）和不饱和脂肪饮食（P = 0.004）低7%和6%。胃饥饿素在不同饮食之间没有差异。与富含碳水化合物和不饱和脂肪的饮食相比，富含瘦肉和蔬菜蛋白质的饮食可降低自我报告的食欲，在体重稳定的情况下可以推荐。观察到的激素变化模式并不能解释蛋白质摄入量与食欲之间的负相关关系。
