Kellermann B
Suchtabteilung des Allgemeinen Krankenhauses Ochsenzoll, Hamburg.
Nervenarzt. 1991 Jul;62(7):436-9.
Experience recorded in the psychiatric/psychotherapeutic sector with young persons dependent on drugs, with compulsive gamblers and, especially, with alcoholics, some of them in relatively early stages of the disease, has led to shifts in attitudes to the problem of addiction among German-speaking psychiatrists and thus to a shift in their understanding of the term addiction (in the sense of addictive illness). The concept of addiction was extended when the existence of nicotine dependence was recognized. Prevention of addiction is an urgent priority, and therapy must be instituted as soon as possible; these aims mean that addiction (dependence) must be clearly and objectively defined without reference to value-systems, but also comprehensively. The sign of addiction that is most important in pracice, as it is fairly specific and occurs at an early stage, is the phenomenon of loss of control.
在精神科/心理治疗领域，针对吸毒成瘾的年轻人、强迫性赌徒，尤其是酗酒者（其中一些人处于疾病相对早期阶段）的治疗经验，已导致德语区精神科医生对成瘾问题的态度发生转变，进而使他们对成瘾这一术语（从成瘾性疾病的意义上讲）的理解也发生了转变。当人们认识到尼古丁依赖的存在时，成瘾的概念得到了扩展。预防成瘾是当务之急，必须尽快开展治疗；这些目标意味着成瘾（依赖）必须在不参照价值体系的情况下得到清晰、客观的定义，而且要全面。在实践中最重要的成瘾迹象是失控现象，因为它相当具有特异性且出现在早期阶段。
