Bordes Frédéric, Morand Serge, Kelt Douglas A, Van Vuren Dirk H
Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France.
Am Nat. 2009 Apr;173(4):467-74. doi: 10.1086/597227.
Parasite diversity among and within host species is not solely the result of random processes; rather, it depends on a suite of physiological or ecological host traits as well as environmental factors. Because most macroparasites exhibit life cycles that include infective stages off the definitive host and that rely on host movements for dissemination, parasite acquisition by a host depends largely on hosts being present in a given area where and when infective stages are present. Consequently, host ranging pattern may have a major influence on parasite diversity. Larger home range size is hypothesized to be associated with higher parasite species richness because hosts living in large home ranges should encounter a greater diversity of habitats and other host individuals, which in turn may favor infection by a great diversity of parasite species. By focusing on helminths in wild mammals, we show that an increase in home range area does not lead to an increase in parasite diversity in ungulates and, moreover, that it is associated with a decrease in parasite species richness in carnivores and in glires (rodents and lagomorphs). We also show that home range size is negatively correlated with host density in mammals after correcting both variables for host body mass. We discuss these results from an epidemiological perspective.
宿主物种之间以及宿主物种内部的寄生虫多样性并非仅仅是随机过程的结果；相反，它取决于一系列生理或生态宿主特征以及环境因素。由于大多数大型寄生虫的生命周期包括在终末宿主之外的感染阶段，并且依赖宿主的移动进行传播，因此宿主获取寄生虫很大程度上取决于宿主是否出现在存在感染阶段的特定区域和时间。因此，宿主的活动范围模式可能对寄生虫多样性产生重大影响。据推测，更大的活动范围大小与更高的寄生虫物种丰富度相关，因为生活在大活动范围内的宿主应该会遇到更多样化的栖息地和其他宿主个体，这反过来可能有利于感染多种寄生虫物种。通过关注野生哺乳动物体内的蠕虫，我们发现活动范围面积的增加并不会导致有蹄类动物寄生虫多样性的增加，而且，它与食肉动物和啮齿动物（啮齿目和兔形目）寄生虫物种丰富度的降低有关。我们还表明，在对宿主体重校正这两个变量后，活动范围大小与哺乳动物的宿主密度呈负相关。我们从流行病学角度讨论了这些结果。
