Fry R W, Morton A R, Keast D
Department of Human Movement and Recreation Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth.
Sports Med. 1991 Jul;12(1):32-65. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199112010-00004.
Overtraining appears to be caused by too much high intensity training and/or too little regeneration (recovery) time often combined with other training and nontraining stressors. There are a multitude of symptoms of overtraining, the expression of which vary depending upon the athlete's physical and physiological makeup, type of exercise undertaken and other factors. The aetiology of overtraining may therefore be different in different people suggesting the need to be aware of a wide variety of parameters as markers of overtraining. At present there is no one single diagnostic test that can define overtraining. The recognition of overtraining requires the identification of stress indicators which do not return to baseline following a period of regeneration. Possible indicators include an imbalance of the neuroendocrine system, suppression of the immune system, indicators of muscle damage, depressed muscle glycogen reserves, deteriorating aerobic, ventilatory and cardiac efficiency, a depressed psychological profile, and poor performance in sport specific tests, e.g. time trials. Screening for changes in parameters indicative of overtraining needs to be a routine component of the training programme and must be incorporated into the programme in such a way that the short term fatigue associated with overload training is not confused with the chronic fatigue characteristic of overtraining. An in-depth knowledge of periodisation of training theory may be necessary to promote optimal performance improvements, prevent overtraining, and develop a system for incorporating a screening system into the training programme. Screening for overtraining and performance improvements must occur at the culmination of regeneration periods.
过度训练似乎是由过多的高强度训练和/或过少的恢复时间引起的，通常还伴有其他训练和非训练压力源。过度训练有多种症状，其表现因运动员的身体和生理构成、所进行的运动类型以及其他因素而异。因此，不同人的过度训练病因可能不同，这表明需要了解各种各样的参数作为过度训练的标志。目前尚无一种单一的诊断测试能够界定过度训练。对过度训练的识别需要确定在一段恢复时间后仍未恢复到基线水平的压力指标。可能的指标包括神经内分泌系统失衡、免疫系统受抑制、肌肉损伤指标、肌肉糖原储备降低、有氧、通气和心脏效率下降、心理状态不佳以及在特定运动测试（如计时赛）中的表现不佳。对表明过度训练的参数变化进行筛查应成为训练计划的常规组成部分，并且必须以这样一种方式纳入计划，即避免将与超负荷训练相关的短期疲劳与过度训练的慢性疲劳特征相混淆。可能需要深入了解训练理论的周期安排，以促进最佳的成绩提高、预防过度训练，并建立一个将筛查系统纳入训练计划的体系。对过度训练和成绩提高的筛查必须在恢复阶段结束时进行。
