Lacey L A, Horton D R, Jones D C, Headrick H L, Neven L G
USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2009 Feb;102(1):43-9. doi: 10.1603/029.102.0107.
Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a serious pest of pome fruit, is a threat to exportation of apples (Malus spp.) because of the possibility of shipping infested fruit. The need for alternatives to fumigants such as methyl bromide for quarantine security of exported fruit has encouraged the development of effective fumigants with reduced side effects. The endophytic fungus Muscodor albus Worapong, Strobel and Hess (Ascomycota: Xylariales) produces volatile compounds that are biocidal for several pest organisms, including plant pathogens and insect pests. The objectives of our research were to determine the effects of M. albus volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on codling moth adults, neonate larvae, larvae in infested apples, and diapausing cocooned larvae in simulated storage conditions. Fumigation of adult codling moth with VOCs produced by M. albus for 3 d and incubating in fresh air for 24 h at 25 degrees C resulted in 81% corrected mortality. Four- and 5-d exposures resulted in higher mortality (84 and 100%, respectively), but control mortality was also high due to the short life span of the moths. Exposure of neonate larvae to VOCs for 3 d on apples and incubating for 7 d resulted in 86% corrected mortality. Treated larvae were predominantly first instars, whereas 85% of control larvae developed to second and third instars. Exposure of apples that had been infested for 5 d, fumigated with M. albus VOCs for 3 d, and incubated as described above resulted in 71% corrected larval mortality. Exposure of diapausing cocooned codling moth larvae to VOCs for 7 or 14 d resulted in 31 and 100% mortality, respectively, with negligible control mortality. Our data on treatment of several stages of codling moth with M. albus VOCs indicate that the fungus could provide an alternative to broad spectrum chemical fumigants for codling moth control in storage and contribute to the systems approach to achieve quarantine security of exported apples.
苹果蠹蛾，苹果小卷蛾（鳞翅目：卷蛾科），是一种严重危害梨果类水果的害虫，由于存在运输受侵染果实的可能性，对苹果（苹果属）的出口构成威胁。由于需要寻找替代熏蒸剂（如溴甲烷）来保障出口水果的检疫安全，促使人们研发出副作用较小的有效熏蒸剂。内生真菌白香柱菌，沃拉蓬、斯特罗贝尔和赫斯（子囊菌门：炭角菌目）产生的挥发性化合物对多种害虫具有杀菌作用，包括植物病原体和害虫。我们研究的目的是确定白香柱菌挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）对苹果蠹蛾成虫、初孵幼虫、侵染苹果中的幼虫以及模拟储存条件下滞育茧内幼虫的影响。用白香柱菌产生的VOCs对苹果蠹蛾成虫进行熏蒸处理3天，然后在25℃新鲜空气中孵化24小时，校正死亡率达81%。4天和5天的暴露导致更高的死亡率（分别为84%和100%），但由于蛾类寿命较短，对照死亡率也较高。初孵幼虫在苹果上暴露于VOCs 3天并孵化7天，校正死亡率达86%。处理过的幼虫主要为一龄幼虫，而对照幼虫中有85%发育到二龄和三龄。对已侵染5天的苹果进行处理，用白香柱菌VOCs熏蒸3天，并按上述方法孵化，幼虫校正死亡率达71%。将滞育茧内的苹果蠹蛾幼虫暴露于VOCs 7天或14天，死亡率分别为31%和100%，对照死亡率可忽略不计。我们关于用白香柱菌VOCs处理苹果蠹蛾几个阶段的数据表明，该真菌可为储存期苹果蠹蛾的防治提供一种替代广谱化学熏蒸剂的方法，并有助于实现出口苹果检疫安全的系统方法。
