Lacey L A, Chauvin R L
Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA 98951, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 1999 Feb;92(1):104-9. doi: 10.1093/jee/92.1.104.
Fruit bins infested with diapausing larvae of codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L.), are a source of reinfestation of orchards and may jeopardize the success of mating disruption programs and other control strategies. Bins are not routinely treated for control of overwintering codling moth before placing them in orchards. Entomopathogenic nematodes provide a noninsecticidal alternative to methyl bromide that could be applied at the time bins are submerged in dump tanks at the packing house for flotation of fruit. Diapausing codling moth larvae in miniature fruit bins were highly susceptible to infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Immersion of bins in suspensions of S. carpocapsae ranging from 5 to 100 infective juveniles per milliliter of water resulted in 68-100% mortality. Immersion times of 1 or 5 min in suspensions with 5 infective juveniles of S. carpocapsae per milliliter of water, with and without Tween 80 (0.01%), yielded essentially the same mortality of codling moth larvae. Highest mortalities in codling moth larvae (88%) after treatment of bins in suspensions of 5 infective juveniles of S. carpocapsae per milliliter of water were observed after incubation for 24 h at 25 degrees C and 70% RH. Lowest mortalities (37%) were observed after incubation at 15 degrees C and 35% RH. Comparative tests conducted with Heterorhabditis marelatus Liu & Berry, Steinernema kraussei (Steiner), and S. carpocapsae with 5 infective juveniles per milliliter of water resulted in 21.7, 53.9, and 68.7% mortality, respectively. The use of miniature fruit bins as described in this article provides an effective means of assessing nematode efficacy without the cumbersome size of commercial bins.
装有苹果蠹蛾（Cydia pomonella (L.)）滞育幼虫的果箱是果园再次遭受虫害的源头，可能会危及交配干扰计划和其他防治策略的成效。在将果箱放置到果园之前，通常不会对其进行越冬苹果蠹蛾防治处理。昆虫病原线虫为溴甲烷提供了一种非杀虫替代方法，可在果箱于包装厂的倾倒池中浸泡以浮选水果时使用。微型果箱中的苹果蠹蛾滞育幼虫对斯氏线虫（Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)）的感染性幼虫高度敏感。将果箱浸入每毫升水中含有5至100条感染性幼虫的斯氏线虫悬浮液中，会导致68%至100%的死亡率。在每毫升水中含有5条斯氏线虫感染性幼虫的悬浮液中浸泡1或5分钟，无论有无吐温80（0.01%），苹果蠹蛾幼虫的死亡率基本相同。在每毫升水中含有5条斯氏线虫感染性幼虫的悬浮液中处理果箱后，在25摄氏度和70%相对湿度下孵育24小时后，观察到苹果蠹蛾幼虫的最高死亡率（88%）。在15摄氏度和35%相对湿度下孵育后，观察到最低死亡率（37%）。用每毫升水中含有5条感染性幼虫的马里兰异小杆线虫（Heterorhabditis marelatus Liu & Berry）、克氏斯氏线虫（Steinernema kraussei (Steiner)）和斯氏线虫进行的对比试验，死亡率分别为21.7%、53.9%和68.7%。本文所述的微型果箱的使用提供了一种评估线虫功效的有效方法，而无需商业果箱那样的庞大尺寸。
