Shoji-Kawata Sanae, Levine Beth
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Sep;1793(9):1478-84. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.02.008. Epub 2009 Mar 2.
The autophagy pathway likely evolved not only to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis but also to protect cells against microbial attack. This conserved mechanism by which cytoplasmic cargo is delivered to the endolysosomal system is now recognized as a central player in coordinating the host response to diverse intracellular pathogens, including viruses. As an endolysosomal delivery system, autophagy functions in the transfer of viruses from the cytoplasm to the lysosome where they are degraded, in the transfer of viral nucleic acids to endosomal sensors for the activation of innate immunity, and in the transfer of endogenous viral antigens to MHC class II compartments for the activation of adaptive immunity. Viruses have, in turn, evolved different strategies to antagonize, and potentially, to exploit the host autophagic machinery. Moreover, through mechanisms not yet well understood, autophagy may dampen host innate immune and inflammatory responses to viral infection. This review highlights the roles of autophagy in antiviral immunity, viral strategies to evade autophagy, and potential negative feedback functions of autophagy in the host antiviral response.
自噬途径的进化可能不仅是为了维持细胞和组织的稳态，也是为了保护细胞免受微生物攻击。这种将细胞质货物输送到内溶酶体系统的保守机制，现在被认为是协调宿主对包括病毒在内的多种细胞内病原体反应的核心参与者。作为一种内溶酶体输送系统，自噬在将病毒从细胞质转移到溶酶体进行降解、将病毒核酸转移到内体传感器以激活先天免疫以及将内源性病毒抗原转移到MHC II类区室以激活适应性免疫中发挥作用。反过来，病毒也进化出了不同的策略来对抗并可能利用宿主的自噬机制。此外，通过尚未完全了解的机制，自噬可能会抑制宿主对病毒感染的先天免疫和炎症反应。本综述重点介绍了自噬在抗病毒免疫中的作用、病毒逃避自噬的策略以及自噬在宿主抗病毒反应中潜在的负反馈功能。
